3.1.2.5 Memory models 3.1.2.5.1 General information processing model Flashcards
DCR
Detecting important information from environment
Compare this with previous experiences
Recognise how to create the best outcome
3 memory stores
- Sensory memory
- Short term memory (7 +- 2)
- Long term memory
3 stores are linked = skills can be learnt rehearsed, retained and retrieved
General information processing model
info received from senses = stored/processed = fully utilised
store info in memory = recollection later
allows us to process previously experienced stimuli more efficiently
components of the general information processing model
- Input (senses) (receptor system = senses that pick up info from display) from display
SELECTIVE ATTENTION - Decision making (memory)
- Output (actions) (effector mechanism)
- Feedback
Input
info picked up by senses
Display
receive info coded by receptors from internal (proprioceptors) and external senses
display
info received from sporting environment using your senses
kinesthesis
inner sense gives info about body position and muscular tension
receptor system
internal vs external senses
internal:
1. sight and
2. auditory
(proprioceptors: in muscles and joints - senses that provide internal info relating to movement from within body)
external:
3. balance, 4. touch, 5. kinaesthesis
(perception movement)
decision making
info = selective attention = relevant parts display
selective attention
filtering relevant info from irrelevant info gained from senses
higher lvl = better as confident in ability and see important cues from senses
amateur = difficult cant block out noise from large crowd - arousal higher
output
SA and decision made = physical movement
success of output depend on how correct relevant info stored in memory is
feedback
allows learning to occur
feedback received on success of performance
any weakness in technique = identified and improved upon
strength = kept and used again
information processing
methods by which data from environment are collected and utilised
perception
process of coding and interpreting sensory information
Whiting’s information processing model
individual processes information around them = formulate a response
(acknowledge info from env and chose best decision)
7 stages of Whiting’s Info processing model
- input (env/display) (sporting env faced with different sporting actions
- receptor organs
- perceptual mechanism
- translatory mechanism
- effector mechanism
- muscular system output data
- feedback (info whether to alter = improvement of future skill)
receptor organs
info from display taken in by sensory organs e..g vision or sound
perceptual mechanism (detection phase)
process info gained by sensory organs ensure relevant info is retained using SA
inexperience = wrong info (irrelevant)
translatory mechanism (comparison and recognition phases)
involve decision making processes, info is compared to previous experiences = decision made
adapting and comparing coded info to memory = decision made
effector mechanism (nerves)
network of nerves that sends coded impulses to muscles = movement
(muscular output) decision made,
motor neurones = message for movement passed from brain to muscles
muscular system output data
muscular system can physically respond in manner suggested by effector mechanism
working memory (WM)
central control centre = central executive
information = working memory = LTM via a memory trace
relevant info received = SA= working memory -> LTM coded info = future storage/use
relevant info = WM = produce memory trace
LTM trace compared to info stored in LTM -info back to WM = use current sporting situation
memories work together = 2 way process = compare info and make decision
working memory model
Baddeley & Hitch central executive phonological loop (auditory/sounds) visuospatial sketchpad (sight/visual) episodic buffer (short term memory) all link to LTM
memory trace
initial mental idea of the skill
central executive
control centre of working memory model
3 other sub systems = control info in/out of memory system
overall control over information entering and leaving the working memory
prioritises what the working memory attends to through selective attention = control over other 3 components = component can also store info but has limited capacity
sub systems
- phonological loop (deal with auditory info from senses and help produce memory trace
- visuospatial sketchpad (used to temporarily store visual and spatial)
- episodic buffer (co-ordinates sight, hearing and movement info from working memory into sequences to be sent to LTM
phonological loop
deals with auditory info from senses helps produce memory trace ->LTM
split into:
1. phonological store (inner ear, speech perception spoken words1-2secs)
2. articulatory control system (inner voice, speech production, rehearse/store verbal info from phonological store)
= trigger motor programme or images (contain component of skill) =movement
visuospatial sketchpad: (inner eye)
temporarily store visual and spatial info
retrive info stored in LTM = enable relevant previous image to be displayed
process info on feel of movement
visual cache = info on form and colour
inner scribe = spatial & movement info sporting
displays & manipulate visual and spatial info held in LTM
episodic buffer
co-ordinates sight hearing and movement info from WM into sequences to be sent to LTM = motor programme
-info from LTM adding it to STM (hold info temporarily)
7 methods to improve selective attention
- key stimulus - more intense
- optimal arousal levels
- point relevant/irrelevant stimulus
- provide varied relevant experience
- training with distractions
- mental practice
- positive comments (rewarding = awareness of important info)
effective = increase reaction time and decision making time
features and functions of memory system
WM initiates action = send memory trace
WM = limited capacity (7 items, too much = important info lost/disregarded) = selective attention limits
WM = limited time scale (30s before info lost or used)
important info stored in LTM in form of motor programme, LTM = large capacity and store info for lifetime
motor programme
more permanent trace of skill
consisting of all components that make up skill
