3.1.2.5 Memory models 3.1.2.5.1 General information processing model

Question 1

DCR

Answer 1

Detecting important information from environment
Compare this with previous experiences
Recognise how to create the best outcome

Question 2

3 memory stores

Answer 2

1. Sensory memory
2. Short term memory (7 +- 2)
3. Long term memory

3 stores are linked = skills can be learnt rehearsed, retained and retrieved

Question 3

General information processing model

Answer 3

info received from senses = stored/processed = fully utilised
store info in memory = recollection later
allows us to process previously experienced stimuli more efficiently

Question 4

components of the general information processing model

Answer 4

1. Input (senses) (receptor system = senses that pick up info from display) from display
   SELECTIVE ATTENTION
2. Decision making (memory)
3. Output (actions) (effector mechanism)
4. Feedback

Question 5

Input

Answer 5

info picked up by senses
Display
receive info coded by receptors from internal (proprioceptors) and external senses

Question 6

display

Answer 6

info received from sporting environment using your senses

Question 7

kinesthesis

Answer 7

inner sense gives info about body position and muscular tension

Question 8

receptor system

internal vs external senses

Answer 8

internal:
1. sight and
2. auditory
(proprioceptors: in muscles and joints - senses that provide internal info relating to movement from within body)

external:
3. balance, 4. touch, 5. kinaesthesis
(perception movement)

Question 9

decision making

Answer 9

info = selective attention = relevant parts display

Question 10

selective attention

Answer 10

filtering relevant info from irrelevant info gained from senses

higher lvl = better as confident in ability and see important cues from senses

amateur = difficult cant block out noise from large crowd - arousal higher

Question 11

output

Answer 11

SA and decision made = physical movement

success of output depend on how correct relevant info stored in memory is

Question 12

feedback

Answer 12

allows learning to occur
feedback received on success of performance
any weakness in technique = identified and improved upon
strength = kept and used again

Question 13

information processing

Answer 13

methods by which data from environment are collected and utilised

Question 14

perception

Answer 14

process of coding and interpreting sensory information

Question 15

Whiting’s information processing model

Answer 15

individual processes information around them = formulate a response
(acknowledge info from env and chose best decision)

Question 16

7 stages of Whiting’s Info processing model

Answer 16

1. input (env/display) (sporting env faced with different sporting actions
2. receptor organs
3. perceptual mechanism
4. translatory mechanism
5. effector mechanism
6. muscular system output data
7. feedback (info whether to alter = improvement of future skill)

Question 17

receptor organs

Answer 17

info from display taken in by sensory organs e..g vision or sound

Question 18

perceptual mechanism (detection phase)

Answer 18

process info gained by sensory organs ensure relevant info is retained using SA

inexperience = wrong info (irrelevant)

Question 19

translatory mechanism (comparison and recognition phases)

Answer 19

involve decision making processes, info is compared to previous experiences = decision made

adapting and comparing coded info to memory = decision made

Question 20

effector mechanism (nerves)

Answer 20

network of nerves that sends coded impulses to muscles = movement
(muscular output) decision made,
motor neurones = message for movement passed from brain to muscles

Question 21

muscular system output data

Answer 21

muscular system can physically respond in manner suggested by effector mechanism

Question 22

working memory (WM)

Answer 22

central control centre = central executive

information = working memory = LTM via a memory trace

relevant info received = SA= working memory -> LTM coded info = future storage/use
relevant info = WM = produce memory trace
LTM trace compared to info stored in LTM -info back to WM = use current sporting situation
memories work together = 2 way process = compare info and make decision

Question 23

working memory model

Answer 23

Baddeley & Hitch 
central executive 
phonological loop (auditory/sounds) 
visuospatial sketchpad (sight/visual) 
episodic buffer (short term memory) 
all link to LTM

Question 24

memory trace

Answer 24

initial mental idea of the skill

Question 25

central executive

Answer 25

control centre of working memory model
3 other sub systems = control info in/out of memory system

overall control over information entering and leaving the working memory

prioritises what the working memory attends to through selective attention = control over other 3 components = component can also store info but has limited capacity

Question 26

sub systems

Answer 26

1. phonological loop (deal with auditory info from senses and help produce memory trace
2. visuospatial sketchpad (used to temporarily store visual and spatial)
3. episodic buffer (co-ordinates sight, hearing and movement info from working memory into sequences to be sent to LTM

Question 27

phonological loop

Answer 27

deals with auditory info from senses helps produce memory trace ->LTM
split into:
1. phonological store (inner ear, speech perception spoken words1-2secs)
2. articulatory control system (inner voice, speech production, rehearse/store verbal info from phonological store)

= trigger motor programme or images (contain component of skill) =movement

Question 28

visuospatial sketchpad: (inner eye)

Answer 28

temporarily store visual and spatial info
retrive info stored in LTM = enable relevant previous image to be displayed
process info on feel of movement
visual cache = info on form and colour
inner scribe = spatial & movement info sporting
displays & manipulate visual and spatial info held in LTM

Question 29

episodic buffer

Answer 29

co-ordinates sight hearing and movement info from WM into sequences to be sent to LTM = motor programme
-info from LTM adding it to STM (hold info temporarily)

Question 30

7 methods to improve selective attention

Answer 30

1. key stimulus - more intense
2. optimal arousal levels
3. point relevant/irrelevant stimulus
4. provide varied relevant experience
5. training with distractions
6. mental practice
7. positive comments (rewarding = awareness of important info)

effective = increase reaction time and decision making time

Question 31

features and functions of memory system

Answer 31

WM initiates action = send memory trace
WM = limited capacity (7 items, too much = important info lost/disregarded) = selective attention limits
WM = limited time scale (30s before info lost or used)
important info stored in LTM in form of motor programme, LTM = large capacity and store info for lifetime

Question 32

motor programme

Answer 32

more permanent trace of skill

consisting of all components that make up skill