3.1 skills and skill acquisition Flashcards
define ability
- qualities and characteristics person is born with (CoF)
- that allow a person to learn or acquire skills
- frequent practice required to turn ability into effective skill-set
define skill
- learned or practiced ability
- brings about results you want to achieve
- with max certainty and efficiency
factors affecting variations in skill level
all cunty manatees are actually greaking expensive totally
- age and maturity
- culture
- motivation
- anxiety
- arousal conditions
- facilities
- environment
- teaching and coaching
characteristics of skilled performance
FACCAG
- fluent
- aesthetically pleasing
- consistent
- coordinated
- accurate
- goal-directed
different types of skills
- basic and complex
- fine and gross
- open and closed
what are closed skills
- unaffected by environment or performers
- decision making unnecessary, can be performed in same way each time
what are basic skills
- simple skills
- require lower levels of concentration and coordination
- need to be mastered before more complex skills attempted
what is single-channel hypothesis
- theory that brain can only process one piece of info at a time
- until one stimulus dealt with and decision made, another cant be acted upon
what are complex skills
- more difficult skills
- require higher level of coordination and concentration
- longer to master, often include multiple sub-routines
what are open skills
- affected by outside environmental factors
- weather, pitch conditions, actions by opponents/team
- performed diff each time
stages of basic information processing model
- input
- decision-making
- output
- feedback
describe input
- info received via senses and previous experiences
- performer needs to select most relevant info to act upon
describe decision-making
- info analysed so performer can choose most appropriate response
- info stored in short-term memory at first, long-term if rehearsed over time
describe output
- decision made then acted upon
- brain send info to muscles, they contract and action performed
describe feedback
- performer receives from variety of sources telling them if successful
- stored in memory, can be used to improve decision making in future
what is limited channel capacity
- brain can only process certain amt of info at once
- too much info results in overload
what are the stages of learning
- cognitive
- associative
- autonomous
what is cognitive stage
- preparation stage
- occupied by beginners starting to learn new skill
characteristics of cognitive stage
- large num mistakes made
- performers consciously think about actions needed to perform skill
- reliant on input from teacher/coach
- skills broken down into sub-routines, practised individually
what is associative stage
- practice stage
- skill practised repeatedly
characteristics of associative stage
- fewer mistakes made as consistency improves
- performers may attempt more advanced techniques
- may practice in controlled environment (eg reduced court size)
what is autonomous stage
- automatic stage
- perform skills with control, accuracy and flair
characteristics of autonomous stage
- mistakes rare and performers can analyse what went wrong
- skills performed naturally and without conscious thought
- skills used effectively in full games/matches
name the diff types of feedback
- intrinsic
- extrinsic
- knowledge of performance
- knowledge of results
describe feedback
- information performer receives about their performance
- help asses how well performed
feedback loop
- skill performed and feedback received
- feedback used to asses quality of performance and identify adjustments need to be made
- technical adjustments made, skill practiced before cycle repeated
describe intrinsic feedback
- information that comes from within
- eg emotions, thoughts about actions, feel of mvmt from muscles
describe extrinsic feedback
- information that comes from an external source
- eg teacher, coach, reaction from crowd
describe knowledge of results
- knowledge of outcomes (score, time, distance, placing)
- provide quick measure of success
describe knowledge of performance
- feedback that comes from analysing the quality of mvmt and techniques regardless of result
what feedback do cognitive performers use
- extrinsic (dont have knowledge to assess performance)
- knowledge of results
what feedback do autonomous performers use
- intrinsic feedback (make immediate adjustments to technique)
- knowledge of performance
advantages of extrinsic feedback
- important for cognitive learners who lack knowledge
- autonomous learners can combine in/ex to gain mroe accurate picture
disadvantages of extrinsic feedback
- qualified coaches required to give feedback
- poor quality coaching causes performance to decline
advantages of intrinsic feedback
- perfromers dont need to wait for extrinsic, adjustments made immediately
- suitable for autonomous learners
disadvantages of intrinsic feedback
- high level of knowledge required
- cognitive learners do not have this knowledge
what are fine skills
- precise movements
- require high levels of accuracy and technique
- involve small muscle groups
what are gross skills
- use large muscles groups
- to produce large, powerful movements
- force production more important than precision or accuracy
types of guidance
- visual
- verbal
- manual/mechanical
define guidance
- help and instruction given
- guide learners thru mvmt, skills, techniques
- to help them acquire skills
define visual guidance
- guidance that comes in form of images
- eg watching videos, demonstration of technique
define verbal guidance
- instruction given in form of words
- explain mvmt and techniques
define manual/mechanical guidance
- hands on guidance
- help performer acquire muscle memory/”feel” for mvmt
what learning stage is visual guidance used at
- all
- important for cognitive, need to see overall picture of skill
- so understand how it should be performed
what learning stage is verbal guidance used at
- limited relevance for cognitive (lack understanding of terms used)
- useful at autonomous stage (allow coaches to provide detailed instructions)
what stage of learning is manual/mechanical guidance used at
- cognitive (enable beginners to gain feel for mvmt)
- autonomous (use harnesses to ensure safety when trying out new techniques)
advantages of visual guidance
- beginners form mental pic of correct performance
- demos can be repeated if needed
- slowmo vid used to focus on specific subroutine
disadvantages of visual guidance
- demos need to be accurately performed
- incorrect demos lead to wrong technique learned
advantages of verbal guidance
- immediate: instructions can be acted upon str8 away
- qs used to assess learning
- combined with visual to paint more accurate pic
disadvantages of verbal guidance
- long/complex instructions hard to process
- some mvmt cant be accurately explained with words
advantages of manual/mechanical guidance
- useful for beginners, help develop muscle memory
- safe environment for new skills
- reduce anxiety and fear
disadvantages of manual/mechanical guidance
- can form dependence on support
- unrealistic feeling of motion
