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computer science > 3.1 computer architecture > Flashcards

3.1 computer architecture Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the role of the CPU

A

processes instructions and data input into computer so result can be output

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2
Q

what is a microprocessor

A
  • integrated circuit contained on single chip
  • accepts data into computer & processes into information ready for output
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3
Q

what are the components in a CPU

A

units: ALU, CU
registers: PC, MAR, MDR, CIR, ACC
buses: address bus, data bus, control bus

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4
Q

purpose of CU

A
  • sends control signals that manage transfer of data and instructions within CPU
  • decodes instruction using instruction set
  • initiates each step of FDE cycle
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5
Q

purpose of ALU

A
  • perform arithmetic calculations or logical operations
  • use ACC to temp store data
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6
Q

purpose of PC

A

holds memory address of next instruction to be fetched

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7
Q

purpose of MAR

A

contain address of RAM location to be written to/read from

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8
Q

purpose of MDR

A

contain data to be written/just read from RAM

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9
Q

purpose of CIR

A

holds instruction currently being decoded/executed

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10
Q

purpose of ACC

A

hold temporary values from calculations worked on by ALU

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11
Q

what are registers

A

small areas of storage in CPU, extremely fast to access

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12
Q

purpose of control bus

A
  • carries control signals from CU to other components
  • carries read/write signals from CPU to RAM
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13
Q

purpose of data bus

A
  • bidirectional
  • write operation: carry data to be written MDR –> RAM
  • read operation: carry data RAM –> MDR
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14
Q

purpose of address bus

A
  • unidirectional
  • carry addresses MAR –> RAM
  • indicate which address will be selected
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15
Q

what is broad process of FDE cycle

A

fetch: instruction fetched from RAM –> CPU
decode: instruction decoded by CU to determine what type of instruction it is
execute: instruction executed, usually by ALU

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16
Q

describe fetch processes in FDE cycle

A
  • PC contain address of next instruction
  • contents of PC copied to MAR
  • PC incremented by 1
  • address bus carries value in MAR –> RAM
  • control bus send read signal to RAM
  • data bus carries contents of desired RAM address to MDR
  • contents of MDR copied to CIR
17
Q

describe decode processes in FDE cycle

A

instruction in CIR decoded by CU

18
Q

describe execute processes in FDE cycle

A
  • instruction sent to ALU to be executed
  • ALU may use ACC to temporarily store results
19
Q

what is core in CPU

A
  • processor within CPU to carry out FDE cycle
  • single core can work on 1 instruction at a time
20
Q

how does number of cores in CPU affect performance

A
  • multi-core CPU can work on more instructions simultaneously
  • helpful for running several tasks at once
  • BUT individual programs often have instructions must run in sequence, so do not benefit significantly
21
Q

what is cache in CPU

A

extremely high speed memory in CPU, store temporary copies of most commonly accessed RAM locations

22
Q

how does cache affect CPU performance

A

faster fetch process.

23
Q

what is clock in CPU

A

determines number of cycles CPU can perform in a second (measured in GHz)

24
Q

how does clock speed affect CPU performance

A
  • higher clock speed means quicker FDE cycle
  • also use more energy, produce more heat
25
Q

what are instruction sets for CPU

A
  • list of all commands that can be processed by CPU
  • commands are in machine code
26
Q

what is embedded system

A

computer system that performs dedicated, single function inside another appliance

27
Q

what are characteristics of embedded systems

A
  • rugged operating systems
  • low power consumption
  • limited processing resources (more difficult to program, interact)
  • small size
  • low cost per unit
28
Q

what is a bus CPU

A

way of communicating between components

29
Q

what are the factors affecting performance of CPU

A
  • clock speed
  • size of cache
  • core
30
Q

how does cache work

A

when CPU tries to read data from address, first check if location exists in cache

cache hit: access data from faster cache
cache miss: access from slower RAM

31
Q

how is embedded system different from general purpose computer

A
  • general purpose can perofrm many diff functions
32
Q

advantages of embedded sytems

A
  • compact
  • easy for mass production
  • less expensive
  • highly reliable/efficient
33
Q

disadvantages of embedded systems

A
  • hard for maintenance
  • difficult to reprogram/repurpose
  • designed to be disposable
  • hard to take backup of embedded files

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