3.1 Flashcards
How many covalent bonds does carbon have
4
name the four types of bonds
Length, Double bonds, branching, rings
parts of organic molecules are involved in chemical reactions
gives organic molecules a distinctive purpose
makes hydrocarbons hydrophilic
increase solubility in water
cells are composed of what
72% H2O, 25% carbon compounds, 3% salts (ions)
what can hydroxyl be found in
alcohols
what can carbonyl be found in
ketones like acetone
what can carboxyl be found in
acids like vinegar
chemical formula of hydroxyl
-OH
chemical formula of carbonyl
-COH, -CO-
The chemical formula of carboxyl
-COOH
the chemical formula of amino
-NH2
amino
bases ammonia
amino has a what charge
positive
sulfhydryl chemical formula and charge
-SH, slightly polar
phosphate chemical formula and charge
-PO4, negative
what does sulfhydryl make
rubber
negative molecules
carboxyl, phosphate
positive molecules
amino
polar molecules
carbonyl, hydroxyl
ethane vs ethanol
H replaced by a hydroxyl group (-OH), nonpolar vs polar, gas vs liquid
biological effects
female (estradiol) vs male (testosterone)
females have more what
OH
males have more what
O
isomers
molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures (shapes)
isomers
different chemical properties, and biological functions
monomers
smaller units from larger molecules are made
polymers
formed when monomers join together
basic structural unit
monomer
describe the relationship between monomer and polymer
a monomer is a single link in a chain and a polymer is the whole chain
a large molecule made up of repeating monomers
polymer/macromolecules
polymerization
2 or more monomers link together
do polymer lengths vary
yes 2 or 3 monomers long to 1000s of monomers
does the length of the chain affect the properties of the polymer?
yes
carbohydrates
monosaccharides form polymers called polysaccharides
what does mono mean
single
does saccharides mean
sugar
nucleotides
molecules make up strands of DNA
how do they link
condensation is a type of polymerization reaction that produces water as a byproduct
what are the steps of linking
- The hydroxyl group is removed from 1 monomer and a hydrogen atom from another 2. 1 oxygen is left allowing the monomers to bind together 3. Water is produced as a byproduct
energy is stored in polymers
energy is released when needed
what is breaking up called
hydrolysis reaction
hydrolysis
addition of water molecules breaks the bonds between monomers splitting the polymer into its constituent parts
What is the opposite of condensation
hydrolysis
