306 exam 2 Flashcards by Franklin Johnson

active immunity

produced by the host in response to exposure to an antigen or by immunizations or passive.

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passive immunity (natural)

Mother to fetus

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passive immunity (artificial)

medications or immunoglobulins

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natural immunity

innate resistance

species dependent

present at birth

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helper T cell is also called

CD4

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cytotoxic T cell is also called

CD8

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killer T cells are the same thing as

cytotoxic T cells

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Humoral immunity is mediated by

B cells

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Cellular immunity is mediated by

T cells

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_______ produce antibodies

plasma cells

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When B cells are exposed to antigens, they change into

B cells change into plasma cells which produce antibodies

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B cell are stored in the

Spleen

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B cells are educated in the

bone marrow

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examples of infectious antigens

bacteria, parasites, fungi, viruses

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examples of noninfectious antigens

pollen, animal dander, foods, drugs, vaccines, transfusions, transplanted tissues

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the body’s own endogenous antigens are called

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLA)

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antibodies are

proteins to counteract a specific antigen (deactivate them)

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bone marrow and thymus are

central

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lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and spleen are

peripheral

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Dendritic cells function as

antigen presenting cells

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5 specific locations of Dendritic cells

skin, nose, lungs, stomach, intestines

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Dendritic cells function together with their partner ____

Mast cells

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These cells act as messengers between the innate and the adaptive immune systems

dendritic cells

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these cells consume foreign antigen material and bring it to lymph nodes and present it to T and B cells for education

dendritic cells

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plasma cells secrete antibodies, but can also secrete

immunoglobulins

memory cells are produced by the

B cell

4 functions of immunoglobulins (Igs)

Neutralize bacterial toxins Neutralize viruses mark or opsonize bacteria for phagocytosis activate different components of the inflammatory response

precipitation is

removal of the antigen from the fluid

agglutination is

clumping together

3 direct effects of antibody reactions with antigens

agglutination, neutralization, precipitation

the most abundant Ig in the serum

IgG

Function of IgG

helps neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages to internalize the antigen better

PMN means

neutrophils

what initiates the classic complement cascade?

IgG and IgM

2nd most common Ig

IgA

where is IgA found

fluid secretions such as tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, GI and respiratory secretions

IgA primary function

helps guard the entrances to the body and works to provide local (innate) immunity

First Ig to be made by B cells when it encounters a new antigen?

IgM

Function of IgM

lysis and agglutination of bad microorganisms for elimination from the body

Initiates the classic complement cascade

IgG and IgM

3rd most common Ig

IgM

IgD function

antigen receptor on B cells and turns on activation of the B cell

Ig needed for maturation of B cells

IgD

IgE function

tells mast cells and basophil to release chemical mediators

IgE unique second function

destroys parasites

IgE binds to

Mast cells and basophils

IgG overall function

main defense against bacteria; can cross the placenta to protect the fetus against infections

IgM overall function

fights blood infections and triggers additional production of IgG; present in lymphocyte cells; first antibody made by a developing fetus

IgA overall function

found in membranes of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, tears, saliva, mucus, and colostrum; important in local immunity.

IgE overall function

Protects the body through its presence in mucous membranes and skin.

IgD overall function

Present in blood serum (in small amounts) and on B-Cell surfaces; receptor for antigens; helps anchor cell membranes

Complement proteins function

Proteins made in the liver that bind to the antibody - antigen complex and increase vascular permeability, chemotaxis, opsonization, and eventual phagocytes or lysis of the target cell.

What happens in the Primary response?

First exposure to an antigen creates memory cells

What happens in the Secondary response?

Second exposure to same antigen, rapid production of antibodies in response to this exposure. IgG most prominent in secondary exposure.

MHC I proteins tell ______

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) to kill the infected cell before it can infect other cells

MHC II proteins tell ______

Helper T cells (CD4) to start an immune response against the antigen

"regulator" T cells are considered to be

helper T cells and suppressor T cells

"effector" T cells are considered to be

killer T cell or cytotoxic T cells

anything with MHC 1 is an

"altered self cell"

which cell starts the immune response

helper T cells

Which of the following plasma derived mediators of inflammation cause vasodilation?

nitric oxide prostaglandins histamine

Which of the following white blood cells are agranulocytes?

macrophages lymphocytes

Which of the following white blood cells are granulocytes?

neutrophils basophils mast cells

If the patient is developing a systemic response to an infection, the nurse will likely assess which of the following clinical manifestations?

tachycardia elevated temperature

B cells are the only _____

only cells capable of producing antibodies

The major disadvantage of passive immunity is that it:

It only provides temporary protection

tumor necrosis alpha function

cytokine that signals apoptosis

complement system ends in

death of the pathogen

kinases are

enzymes that degrade kinins

the kinin system is activated by

The coagulation cascade - Hageman factor XII

Interleukin 1

pyrogen activates lymphocytes and phagocytes

Interleukins are (categorized)

cytokines

Interleukin 6

Induces liver inflammatory products - CRP and ESR

Interleukin 10

Anti inflammatory suppresses lymphocyte and pro-inflammatory cytokines

tumor necrosis factor alpha pro-inflammatory actions

ups endothelial cell stickiness ups phagocytic action of neutrophils induces in temperature ups liver proteins involved in inflammation controls production of other cytokines promote wound healing Muscle wasting in cancer states

MHC 1

MHC1 proteins tell cytotoxic T cells (CD8) to kill the infected cell before it can infect other cells

MHC II

MHC II proteins tell helper T cells (CD4) to start an immune response against the antigen