226 exam 3 Flashcards
rales
crackles
rhonchi
wheezing
stridor
obstructed airflow
hypercapnia is
increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide above 45
hypoxemia is
decrease of oxygen in blood
stridor
whistling sound when breathing in
sarcoidosis
granulomas in lungs
ejection clicks occur at ___
the maximal opening of the aortic valve
a mammary soufflé is
a harmless murmur with a medium bruit heard over the breasts during pregnancy (due to increased blood flow)
reason blood pressure increases with age
aortic endothelium hardens with age causing increased resistance
reason for increased risk for orthostatic hypotension in older adults
widened pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic BP)
how is palpation of the apical pulse different in pregnant women?
higher and more lateral as compared to regular positioning
auscultate the apical pulse in the ____ area
5th intercostal space
in children _____ are very common and are best heard at the left lower sternal boarder
soft and short ejection murmurs.
why a heart murmur may be heard
backflow of blood into a heart chamber - - valves fail to close properly.
murmurs sound like a ____ sound
whooshing
bruits are only heard _____ the heart. while _____ are heard inside the heart.
bruits - - outside heart
murmurs - - inside heart
child murmurs typically have no _____ significance
no disease related significance
s1 sound is
lub - - (systole) ventricular contraction
s2 sound is
dub - - (diastole) relaxation of ventricles and filling of atrium
s3 sound is
ventricular Gallup - blood running into ventricles (preparing for contraction).
heard in children and young adults right at beginning of diastole.
In older adults not normal
s4 sound is
(atrial gallup) late in diastole right before systole.
heard before S1 - - atrial pumps blood into the ventricles.
Blood rushing in causing a sound
because of a stiff
ventricular wall causes the s4 sound.
screening tool for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
standing to squatting
central venous pressure is tested by ____
assessing for jugular venous distention
most common underlying cause of death globally
CVD
ectopic heartbeat
changes in heartbeat pattern or rhythm
in older adults, the ability of the heart to augment ____ is decreased
cardiac output with exercise is decreased
blood volume ____ during pregnancy
increases 30 to 40 percent during pregnancy
fetal heart begins to beat after _____ gestation
3 weeks gestation
fetal heartbeat auscltated after ____ gestation
13 weeks gestation
arterial blood pressure ____ in pregnancy as a result of _____
decreases in pregnancy as a result of peripheral vasodilation
p wave
depolarization of the atria
QRS complex
depolarization of ventricles
T wave
repolarization of ventricles
conditions that can result in murmurs
velocity of blood increases
viscosity of blood decreases
structural defects in valves
normal jugular pulse strength
+2 moderate
1 foot equals (in meters)
0.3 meters
1 meter equals
3.2 feet
bmi formula
kg / meters squared
triglycerides above ____ is hyperlipidemia
150
marasmus is
calorie malnutrition
caused by digestive disorder
kwashiokor is
protein malnutrition
caused by severe protein deficiency
shriveled appearance and retorted growth
marasmus
protruding stomach and bulging eyes is
kwashiorkor
at minimum, weight and dietary intake should be evaluated _____
weekly
overweight is ____ or greater
25 bmi or greater
obese is _____ or greater
30 or greater
left kidney is not palpable normally because it
sit 1 cm higher than right kidney
light abdominal palpation depress down _____
1 cm
CVA tenderness (costovertebral angle 12th rib) indicates ____
kidney pain
patient should ____ before abdominal assessment
empty bladder
