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Dental nurse revision (301-311) > 305 - recognising and supporting actions during first aid and medical emergencies. > Flashcards

305 - recognising and supporting actions during first aid and medical emergencies. Flashcards

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1
Q

why are medical emergencies more likely to occur in dental setting?

A

anxiety in patients

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2
Q

what anxiety may patients have at the dentist?

A

lower pain threshold - feel pain/discomfort
stress levels raised as believe will feel pain
fear dental treatment, wont eat before and will have low blood sugar = faint

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3
Q

what position is the patient in that leaves the airway vulnerable to potential objects?

A

supine (flat) position

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4
Q

what is hypertension?

A

high blood pressure

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5
Q

what are the liver and kidney responsible for?

A

eliminating waste products and toxins from body

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6
Q

what can uncontrolled diabetes or not taking medication for it lead to?

A

hypoglycemic attack

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7
Q

how can diabetes affect patients after dental treatment?

A

poor wound healing
prone to infections

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8
Q

what are the known allergens in the dental setting?

A

latex
penicillin-based antibiotics

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9
Q

what medications can react with local anaesthetic?

A

some antidepressants
thyroxine
HRT
contraceptives

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10
Q

what are the signs from a casualty in an emergency?

A

skin colour: pink, grey, pale?
breathlessness: gasping, struggling to breathe?
suddenness of collapse: fall quickly or slowly?
condition of pulse: fast, slow, weak, absent?

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11
Q

what are the symptoms from a casualty in an emergency?

A

any pain
location of pain
nausea
drowsiness
difficulty breathing
dizziness

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12
Q

what signs would prompt a rescuer to begin BLS immediately?

A

unconsciousness
abnormal breathing

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13
Q

what does asystole mean?

A

heart has stopped beating

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14
Q

what does fibrillating mean?

A

heart is beating ineffectively

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15
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

lack of oxygen to the brain

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16
Q

how many breaths per minute shows an increased rate of respiration?

A

faster than 20 breaths per minute
- check by rise/fall of chest

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17
Q

how many beats per minute for an increased heart rate?

A

faster than 100 beats per minute
- take the pulse

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18
Q

what systolic reading shows a fall in blood pressure?

A

systolic reading below 90mmHg
- blood pressure machine

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19
Q

what is the average systolic reading for blood pressure?

A

120mmHg

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20
Q

what is the DRSABCDE approach?

A

Danger
Response
Shout for help
Airway
Breathing
Circulation
Disability
Exposure

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21
Q

what is the aim of BLS?

A

maintain flow of oxygenated blood around body

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22
Q

what is oxygen?

A

atmospheric gas

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23
Q

what are the 3 vital organs?

A

heart
brain
lungs

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24
Q

what happens to the body without oxygen?

A

cells and body cant function = death

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25
Q

how many minutes can the body survive without oxygen before brain damage occurs?

A

3-4 minutes

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26
Q

how is oxygen provided to lungs during BLS?

A

rescue breathing

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27
Q

how is oxygen circulated to body tissues during BLS?

A

external chest compressions

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28
Q

what does unconsciousness in casualty indicate?

A

unresponsive to stimuli
heart may have stopped beating = cardiac arrest

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29
Q

what does abnormal breathing in a casualty indicate?

A

possible obstruction in respiratory system

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30
Q

in darker skin tones how do you check if the casualty is lacking oxygen (hypoxia)?

A

lips
nailbeds
mucous membranes of mouth

31
Q

what is the log roll technique?

A

rolling casualty on to back on hard surface
keep head in line with spine

32
Q

how are compressions given?

A

30 at rate of 100 per minute

33
Q

how many cm can the chest be compressed in adults?

A

4-5cm

34
Q

after 30 compressions how may rescue breaths are followed?

A

2

35
Q

what is the ratio of compressions and rescue breaths?

A

30:2

36
Q

how is the airway kept open during rescue breaths?

A

head tilt
chin tilt

37
Q

should you pinch the nostrils whilst providing rescue breaths?

A

YES

38
Q

how does the AED work?

A

sending electrical impulse

39
Q

what will the AED instruct if defibrillation is required?

A

‘stand clear’ then ‘shock’

40
Q

what will the AED instruct if casualty has heartbeat and aren’t fibrillating?

A

‘no shock’

41
Q

where are AED pads placed on casualty?

A

one on left side near apex of heart
one on right front side of chest below collarbone

42
Q

what factors will reduce the effectiveness of defibrillation attempts?

A

hairy chest
damp skin
breast tissue
poor contact between skin and pads

43
Q

what is a cardiac arrest in younger casualties usually due to?

A

lack of oxygen to brain due to airway obstruction

44
Q

how should a pregnant woman lie during BLS?

A

slightly on left side with support under right buttock

45
Q

what signs indicate a functioning circulatory system?

A

movement
coughing/attempts to breathe
change in skin/lip colour from grey to pink

46
Q

why is a casualty placed into the recovery position?

A

so tongue and any fluids can drain out of mouth and not obstruct the airways

47
Q

how is the casualty placed into the recovery position?

A

placing casualty onto side and bending limbs so they are supported

48
Q

after an emergency how is infection control met?

A

wear full PPE
sharps discarded in sharps container
blood spillages cleaned up using blood spillage kit
non-sharp contaminated into hazardous waste
work surfaces wiped down

49
Q

what is the correct term for a simple faint?

A

vasovagal syncope

50
Q

what is a faint?
signs and symptoms

A

loss of consciousness due to temporary reduction in oxygenated blood to brain
sign: pale and clammy skin, loss of consciousness
symptoms: dizziness, nausea

51
Q

how do you treat a casualty who has fainted?

A

unconscious = lay flat and elevate legs to restore blood to brain
conscious = sit casualty with head down and fresh air

52
Q

what do you give to a casualty who has fainted once they are conscious?

A

glucogel/dextrose tablet for blood sugar
slow-release carbohydrates and a drink

53
Q

what is asthma?
signs and symptoms

A

hypersensitivity condition affecting the respiratory airways
signs: breathless with wheezing, cyanosis (blue lips), restless
symptoms: difficulty breathing, sensation of suffocating/drowning

54
Q

how do you treat a casualty having an asthma attack?

A

salbutamol inhaler
oxygen
999 if doesn’t make rapid recovery

55
Q

what is an anaphylaxis?
signs and symptoms

A

severe allergic reaction
signs: rapid facial swelling, rash, gasping, collapse
symptoms: sudden onset breathing difficulties, tingling of extremities

56
Q

how do you treat a casualty having an anaphylaxis?

A

999
administer intramuscular adrenaline
oxygen
BLS if necessary

57
Q

what is an epileptic fit?
signs and symptoms

A

brief disruption of normal electrical activity within brain
petit mal -mild fit
grand mal - major fit
signs: loss of unconsciousness, seizures
symptoms: altered mood before seizure, dazed and sleepy on recovery

58
Q

how do you treat a casualty having an epileptic fit?

A

protect from injury but dont move
allow recovery
if no recovery within 5 mins call 999
midazolam buccal gel

59
Q

what is hypoglycaemia and diabetic coma?
signs and symptoms

A

low blood sugar in prediagnosed diabetes who haven’t followed insulin regime correctly or not eaten at correct times
signs: trembling, cold and clammy, irritable, drowsy, slurred speech
symptoms: confusion, disorientated, blurred or double vision

60
Q

how do you treat a casualty who has hypoglycaemia?

A

conscious: glucogel tube orally
unconscious: intramuscular glucagon
oxygen
999 if no recovery

61
Q

what is angina?
signs and symptoms

A

chest pain by not enough blood reaching heart
signs: congested facial expression, casualty clutching chest or left arm, irregular pulse, shallow breathing
symptoms: crushing chest pain travel to left arm or jaw, nausea

62
Q

how do you treat a casualty who has angina?

A

administer GTN spray under tongue
oxygen
casualty sat upright
999 if no recovery or consciousness is lost (cardiac arrest)
BLS if necessary

63
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?
signs and symptoms

A

heart attack - supply of blood to heart is blocked usually by blood clot
signs: sudden clutching of chest, grey appearance, possible collapse
symptoms: sudden crushing chest pain not relieved by GTN spray

64
Q

how do you treat a casualty having a myocardial infarction?

A

999
aspirin tablet
oxygen
BLS if necessary

65
Q

what is choking?
signs and symptoms

A

partial or full blockage of respiratory tract causing lack of blood oxygenation
signs: sudden coughing/wheezing, laboured breathing, inability speaking, blue lips
symptoms: aware of respiratory obstruction, breathing difficulties, dizziness

66
Q

what is the treatment for an adult casualty choking?

A

support and lean forward encourage cough
5 back slaps
5 abdominal thrusts if obstruction still present
unconscious = open airway for BLS
999

67
Q

treatment for child casualty choking?

A

cough to expel obstruction
unsuccessful = 5 back slaps and recheck mouth
unsuccessful = 5 chest thrusts recheck mouth
if unsuccessful send for help and repeat back slaps
unsuccessful = 5 abdominal thrusts
continue cycle until obstruction cleared

68
Q

treatment for baby casualty choking?

A

check mouth for obvious obstruction and remove it
baby face down along arm and 5 back slaps using fingers only
turn baby face up and remove obstruction
unsuccessful: 5 sharp chest compressions
call for help and continue cycle until obstruction cleared

69
Q

what is a stroke?
signs and symptoms

A

cerebral infarction = blood vessel supplying brain is blocked by clot
cerebral haemorrhage = blood vessel supplying brain begins to leak or ruptures in skull pressing on brain
signs: sudden weakness of face or limbs on one side of body, loss of balance and difficulty speaking
symptoms: sudden numbness of face or limbs, sudden headache, confusion and dizziness

70
Q

what is the treatment for a casualty having a stroke?

A

need to react fast as chance of survival and disability worsens with time
Facial weakness: signs of drooping
Arm weakness: can both arms be raised equally
Speech problems: speak clearly, understand commands
Test all 3 signs quickly, any deficit call 999

71
Q

what is adrenal crisis?
signs and symptoms

A

adrenal insufficiency - disorder of adrenal glands
signs: low blood pressure, fast heart rate, pale, vomiting
symptoms: nausea, abdominal pain, lethargic and weak

72
Q

what is the treatment for a casualty having adrenal crisis?

A

999
lay casualty supine
oxygen
prepare for BLS if necessary

73
Q
A

Dental nurse revision (301-311) (11 decks)

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