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Dental nurse revision (301-311) > 304 - dental & regional anatomy, oral health assessments & treatment planning. > Flashcards

304 - dental & regional anatomy, oral health assessments & treatment planning. Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a muscle cell?

A

an electrical impulse that generates forces and produces motion.
attached to bone and allows movement e.g food through digestive tract.

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2
Q

What is a nerve cell?

A

initiate and carry electrical impulses to distant areas in body e.g. gland releasing chemicals

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3
Q

What is an epithelial cell?

A

cover the whole body surface as skin and surround organs to protect and prevent uncontrolled movement of harmful microorganisms

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4
Q

What are connective tissue cells?

A

present in body in different forms e.g. cartilage in ligaments, dentine in teeth.

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5
Q

How do cells receive fuel to produce energy to work?

A

Fuel is provided through the food we eat.

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6
Q

Why do body cells require oxygen?

A

to burn food eaten to produce energy to function

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7
Q

Role of oxygen in body?

A

Brought in through respiratory system and transported around body in circulatory system.

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8
Q

What is the cardiovascular system composed of?

A

heart, blood vessels, blood

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9
Q

what is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • transport blood to lungs for oxygenation
  • transport oxygenated blood to body
  • transport deoxygenated blood back to lungs
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10
Q

what is the respiratory system composed of?

A

nose, throat, larynx, trachea, lungs

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11
Q

what is the function of the respiratory system?

A

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between body and atmosphere

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12
Q

what is the digestive system composed of?

A

mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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13
Q

what is the function of the digestive system?

A
  • digest, process and absorb nutrients from food
  • excrete waste products
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14
Q

what is the nervous system composed of?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

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15
Q

what is the function of the nervous system?

A
  • give consciousness
  • regulate and co-ordinate body activities
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16
Q

what is the musculoskeletal composed of?

A

bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, skeletal muscle

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17
Q

what is the function of the musculoskeletal?

A
  • supports and protect internal organs
  • allow movement
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18
Q

what is the immune system composed of?

A

white blood cells, lymph, spleen, bone marrow, thymus

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19
Q

what is the function of the immune system?

A
  • defend against infection
  • produce red and white blood cells
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20
Q

what is the endocrine composed of?

A

all glands and secrete hormones

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21
Q

what is the function of the endocrine?

A

regulate and co-ordinate body functions

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22
Q

what is the urinary composed of?

A

kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra

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23
Q

what is the function of the urinary?

A
  • regulate blood plasma
  • excrete waste products
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24
Q

what is the reproductive system composed of?

A

male/female sex organs

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25
Q

what is the function of the reproductive system?

A

reproduction

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26
Q

what is integumentary composed of?

A

skin

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27
Q

what is the function of the integumentary?

A
  • protect against injury and dehydration
  • maintains body temperature
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28
Q

4 relevant body systems in dentistry?

A

circulatory system
respiratory system
digestive system
nervous system

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29
Q

characteristic of oxygenated blood?

A
  • high concentration of oxygen
  • bright cherry red colour
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30
Q

characteristic of deoxygenated blood?

A
  • low concentration of oxygen
  • dark reddish, purple colour
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31
Q

what are the four heart chambers?

A

upper two = atria
lower two = ventricles

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32
Q

what is the atria and ventricle separated by?

A

one way valves, allow blood flow in direction of atria to ventricle only

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33
Q

What does the right side of the heart do?

A

transport only deoxygenated blood from body to lungs

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34
Q

what does the left side of the heart do?

A

transport only oxygenated blood from lungs to rest of the body

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35
Q

how is deoxygenated blood collected from whole body?

A

through veins and transported to right atrium via inferior and superior venae cavae

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36
Q

where is blood pumped as the heart beats?

A

through one way valve between the tricuspid valve and into right ventricle.
it then beats out of right ventricle into pulmonary artery into lungs for reoxygenation

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37
Q

what happens with oxygenated blood when it returns to left atrium through pulmonary veins?

A

pumped through one way valve (mitral valve) into left ventricle
next heartbeat pushes blood out of heart into aorta then back to body to reoxygenate cells

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38
Q

where does the heartbeat begin?

A

top surface of right atrium in group of specialised muscles cells = sinoatrial node or pacemaker

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39
Q

how is the heart rate regulated to allow exercise and rest?

A

the cells receive electrical stimulation from two nerves in brain:
- one set speeds up rate of heartbeat
- other set slows down rate of heartbeat

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40
Q

what happens after every heartbeat?

A

blood is prevented from flowing backwards by one way valves

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41
Q

what are arteries?

A

blood vessels taking oxygenated blood around body

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42
Q

what is the largest artery?

A

aorta

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43
Q

what do aortas gradually decrease to?

A

arterioles then capillaries

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44
Q

what are capillaries?

A

one cell thick
allowing oxygen it carries to be released into surrounding tissue
to burn nutrients and create energy

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45
Q

what happens as oxygen passes out of capillaries?

A

waste product of energy production (carbon dioxide) passes from surrounding tissue into capillaries

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46
Q

what is the gas exchange in the circulatory system called?

A

internal respiration

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47
Q

how does deoxygenated blood reach the venae cavae?

A

travels through capillaries into small veins called venules
then into larger veins to reach venae cavae

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48
Q

where is deoxygenated blood from the upper body transported to?

A

the superior vena cave

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49
Q

where is deoxygenated blood from the lower body transported to?

A

the inferior vena cava

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50
Q

what artery carries deoxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary artery

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51
Q

what happens in the external respiration gas exchange?

A

carbon dioxide released into lungs and breathed out
oxygen breathed in travels from lungs to blood capillaries
blood = reoxygenated

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52
Q

why are the arteries elastic?

A

to expand as powerful as surge of blood passing along them

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53
Q

what happens after the initial wave of pumped blood has passed?

A

artery walls relax back to normal size until next heartbeat

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54
Q

how is blood pressure measured and recorded?

A

by the difference in pressure within arteries

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55
Q

when does the maximum pressure of blood in arteries occur?

A

during peak of ventricular contraction (systole)

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56
Q

when does the minimum pressure of blood in arteries occur?

A

the end of ventricular contraction (diastole)

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57
Q

how is blood pressure recorded?

A

systolic pressure over diastolic pressure

58
Q

in a healthy adult at rest what should blood pressure record as?

A

120/80 (mmHg)

59
Q

what is used to measure blood pressure?

A

sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
automated device

60
Q

what can be felt when the artery passes over bone?

A

blood surge is felt as pulse at various sites around body

61
Q

where is the carotid pulse?

A

either side of neck where carotid arteries lie across neck vertebrae above muscles

62
Q

where is the brachial pulse?

A

inner surface of elbow where brachial arteries lie over elbow joints

63
Q

where is the radial pulse?

A

inner surface of wrists as radial arteries lie over the radius bone of lower arms

64
Q

where is the femoral pulse?

A

top of inner thighs as femoral arteries lie over the femoral bone of upper legs

65
Q

why do veins only require little tissue?

A

pressure of blood surge is reduced by the time it reaches venous side of circulatory system

66
Q

why do larger veins contain one way valves?

A

to prevent blood from flowing backwards between heart beats

67
Q

what happens when valves begin to lose function as we age?

A

vein becomes varicosed (abnormally swollen)

68
Q

what are varicose veins?

A

blood accumulated in the veins, usually in lower legs

69
Q

how much blood is the circulatory system usually filled with?

A

5 litres in adult

70
Q

what temperature is the blood kept at?

A

37c by process of homeostasis

71
Q

what does blood consist of?

A

plasma - several cell types that float in straw coloured fluid

72
Q

what are erythrocytes?

A

red blood cells

73
Q

what are leucocytes?

A

white blood cells

74
Q

what are platelets?

A

thrombocytes - fragments of larger blood cells called megakaryocytes

75
Q

why do erythrocytes have no nucleus?

A

to provide maximum space available for them to do main task which is to transport oxygen around body

76
Q

how do erythrocytes achieve their main task?

A

by attaching oxygen to haemoglobin

77
Q

why is oxygen vital to cells?

A

to produce energy and carry out their functions

78
Q

what gives blood its red colour?

A

presence of red iron-based protein haemoglobin

79
Q

what colour is oxygenated blood?

A

bright cherry red

80
Q

what colour is deoxygenated blood?

A

dark reddish-purple colour

81
Q

where are leucocytes made?

A

lymph nodes and bone marrow

82
Q

do leucocytes circulate through the body all the time?

A

yes

83
Q

what do leucocytes do when the body is under attack from micro-organisms?

A

pass through circulatory system to area of disease
squeeze through capillary wall to body tissues under attack
surround and destroy microorganism so disease is stopped spreading

84
Q

what do leucocytes help with in severe infections?

A

help destroy invaders by presence of antibodies released from immune system

85
Q

do platelets contain a nucleus?

A

no

86
Q

what are platelets concerned with?

A

coagulation of blood at site of injury to prevent excessive blood loss

87
Q

how do platelets prevent excessive blood loss?

A

physically plug damaged blood vessels by acting as meshwork to form blood clot and release chemicals

88
Q

what is plasma?

A

fluid part of blood that carries blood cells within it

89
Q

what does plasma consist of?

A

90% water with powerful chemicals called plasma proteins and the 3 blood cells

90
Q

how does plasma acts as the transport system?

A

by carrying numerous cells and chemicals from one area to another as needed

91
Q

function of plasma

A

transport erythrocytes to allow oxygenation of blood tissue
transport of waste carbon dioxide to lungs

92
Q

how may disorders affecting the circulatory system have an impact on dental treatment?

A

may affect sustainability of local anaesthetic

93
Q

why must heart conditions be disclosed in medical history?

A

condition may prevent heart coping in stressful situations e.g. when undergoing dental treatment

94
Q

why must blood disorder be disclosed in medical history?

A

prevent adequate clotting of blood and pt may have uncontrolled hemorrhage

95
Q

why are medications disclosed in medical history?

A

certain medications may react with local anaesthetic especially those containing adrenaline

96
Q

what medications may interact with adrenaline?

A

thyroxine
some antidepressants
HRT - hormone replacement therapy

97
Q

what is heart failure?

A

when the pumping efficiency of the heart is inadequate resulting in inability to pump enough blood with each beat for the body to function normally

98
Q

why does heart failure occur?

A

due to a problem with heart itself
due to medical condition that increases workload of heart as it pumps blood

99
Q

what is a myocardial infarction?

A

‘heart attack’ where there is sudden reduction in supply of oxygenated blood to heart through coronary artery due to blockage by a clot

100
Q

what is myocarditis?

A

inflammation of heart muscle due to a viral infection

101
Q

what is a valvular disease?

A

affects any of the four heart valves so that the filling or emptying of heart is inadequate and has to work harder

102
Q

what is angina?

A

condition of myocardial ischaemia (reduced blood flow) caused by narrowing and partial blockage of the coronary arteries which supply the heart itself

103
Q

what is myocardial ischaemia?

A

reduced blood flow

104
Q

what is renal failure?

A

kidney failure which results in sufferer being unable to remove sufficient waste fluids from body.
Fluid retention causes increased blood/fluid volume which requires more work from heart to pump around body

105
Q

what is hypertension?

A

raised blood pressure at rest meaning the heart has to pump more strongly to move blood from left ventricle into aorta.

106
Q

what is a stroke?

A

full obstruction of an artery supplying the brain

107
Q

what is pulmonary embolism?

A

full obstruction of one of the pulmonary arteries supplying the lungs

108
Q

what is a cardiac arrest?

A

sudden failure of the heart to beat at all or to beat rapidly but ineffectively without pumping blood

109
Q

what does asystole mean?

A

failure of heart to beat

110
Q

what does fibrillation mean?

A

rapid beating but without pumping of blood

111
Q

what is a rheumatic fever?

A

occurs when a pt has suffered previous illness that has caused damage to the heart valves

112
Q

what is anaemia?

A

disorder that affects the oxygen carrying capacity of erythrocytes - poor tissue oxygenation

113
Q

what is a haemorrhage?

A

excessive bleeding

114
Q

who is more likely to experience a haemorrhage?

A

patients with clotting disorders

115
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • inhalation of air to provide oxygen for absorption into circulatory system.
  • expiration of respiratory waste product, carbon dioxide form body.
  • filtering and warming of inspired air to remove foreign body particles
116
Q

where does the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occur?

A

the alveoli

117
Q

what is the alveoli?

A

microscopic air filled sacs
one cell thick
surrounded by capillaries from two pulmonary arteries

118
Q

what are the protective mechanisms of the respiratory system?

A

nose
larynx
trachea
bronchi

119
Q

what do the cells in the respiratory tract produce?

A

sticky coating - mucus

120
Q

what is cilia?

A

microscopic hairs on cells that trap dust and dirt

121
Q

what is bronchial asthma?

A

hypersensitivity response to inhaled particles that compromises patients breathing by constricting airways

122
Q

what medications can exacerbate asthma?

A

NSAIDS such as ibuprofen and aspirin

123
Q

what is bronchitis?

A

inflammation of bronchi following respiratory infection

124
Q

what is emphysema?

A

characterised by abnormal widening and enlargement of alveoli, preventing adequate gaseous transfer

125
Q

what is bronchitis and emphysema occurring together called?

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

126
Q

inhaled foreign bodies?

A

tend to fall into right bronchus and patient may begin to choke

127
Q

what is the digestive system composed of?

A

mouth & salivary glands
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

128
Q

what occurs in the pharynx?

A

swallowing

129
Q

what occurs in the oesophagus?

A

transport food from mouth to stomach

130
Q

what occurs in the stomach?

A

majority of ingested foods are stored while being broken down for absorption

131
Q

what occurs in the small intestines?

A

final stages of digestion and absorption of various nutrients

132
Q

what occurs in the large intestines?

A

digestive waste products are stored before elimination by defecation and water and salts are reabsorbed into body

133
Q

what do various digestive organs act to?

A
  • break down and absorb nutrients within food
  • transfer the nutrients to circulatory system for transport to all areas of body
134
Q

why do all living organisms need food for?

A
  • for growth
  • for replacement of worn and damaged cells
  • as a source of energy to enable normal bodily functions to occur for organism to live and survive
135
Q

where are proteins found?

A

in meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese

136
Q

where are carbohydrates found?

A

in sugars from fruit & veg and in starch from bread, cereals and potatoes

137
Q

where are fats found?

A

in meat, milk, cheese and butter from animals
necessary for energy production

138
Q

what vitamins are required for health?

A

A, B, C and D

139
Q

what minerals are needed in the body?

A

calcium, phosphates, fluoride, sodium and iron

140
Q

how much of the body is made up of water?

A

more than 80%

Dental nurse revision (301-311) (11 decks)

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