30: Module 4- Exercise and the effects on diabetes, adipose tissue and low levels inflammation

Question 1

What inflammatory mediators are increased by low levels of physical activity?

Answer 1

IL1-B,
IL-6,
TNF,
CRP

Question 2

What is atherosclerosis

Answer 2

Build up of fatty matierial inside arteries

Combinations of lipoportein and macrophage deposit

Question 3

What is canakinumab?

Answer 3

A theraputic monoclonal antibody therapy that reduces levels of IL1-B

Question 4

What are the side effects of canakinumab?

Answer 4

Neutropenia

Thrombocytopnenia

Fatal sepsis

Question 5

What molecular mechanisms are linked to insulin resistance?

Answer 5

Dyslipidemia
Hyperglyceamia
Oxidative stress
ER stress
Inflammation

Question 6

What are the intertwined factors that can cause cardiovascular disease in diabetes

Answer 6

Hyperglycemia

Chronic low grade inflammation

Dylipideamia

Hypertension

Imapired thrombolysis

Vascular endothelial dysfunction

Question 7

How does BMi differ in asian populations?

Answer 7

BMI of 23 donotes overweight

27 donotos obesity

Question 8

What are more accurate ways of measuring fat levels in the body?

Answer 8

Skinfold calipers

DEXA scans

Hydrostatic weighing

Air discplacement

Waist circumference- better inidcators for metabolic disease

Waist/hip ratio- better indicators for metabolic disease

Question 9

What types of fat are better for health?

Answer 9

Visceral fat- higher risk of diabetes and metabolci syndrome when comapred to

Subcutanoeus fat

Question 10

What are then actions of thiazolidonoes

Answer 10

ppAR gamma, acts to reduce visceral fat

Question 11

What is one theory of why visceral fat is worse for health than subcutanoues fat?

Answer 11

When visceral fat is broken down for energy, too much is relelased into the portal circulation leading to too high effects on the liver.

Question 12

How is fat an endocrine organ?

Answer 12

Releases various hormones that affect appetite or the liver:

Leptin

Adiponectin

TNFa

Free fatty acids

Question 13

What cytokines are released by adipose tissue?

Answer 13

IL-6

TNF-a

IL-18

Question 14

What is meant by low grade inflammation

Answer 14

2-4x increase in circulating levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines

As well as NK cells, neutrophils and acute phase proteins

Question 15

What dysregulation of metabolic processes can TNF-a contribute to?

Answer 15

Dyslipidaemia

Hypertension

Insulin resistance

Question 16

How does TNF-a affect insulin

Answer 16

TNF-a inhibits serine and therine phosphorlyation- dysregulates insulin

Question 17

How does TNF-a cause vascuar dysfuntion?

Answer 17

reduced vascular repair through dysregulated stem cell

Reduced vasorelaxation

Reduced NO availability

Increased NADPH oxidative stress

Vascular inflammation and cell infiltration

Increases atherosclerosis

Increased thrombosis

Increased vascular remodelling

Increased endothelium apoptosis

Question 18

How does TNF-a cause vascuar dysfuntion?

Answer 18

reduced vascular repair through dysregulated stem cell

Reduced vasorelaxation

Reduced NO availability

Increased NADPH oxidative stress

Vascular inflammation and cell infiltration–> atherosclerotic plaque

Increases atherosclerosis

Increased thrombosis

Increased vascular remodelling

Increased endothelium apoptosis

Question 19

How does TNF-a affect bradykinin and arachidonic acid

Answer 19

Reduce their vasodilatory effects

Question 20

How does smoking affect TNF-a

Answer 20

Smoking increases endothelial dysfunction via TNF-a