3.0 Flashcards
1
Q
– in growing bone is easily fractured
A
Physis
2
Q
can be harvested surgically and moved
to a fracture site to aid in repair;
A
Cancellous bone
3
Q
sources of cancellous bone are:
A
- Tibial tuberosity,
2. Greater tubercle of humerus,
3. greater trochanter of femur,
4. wing of the ilium
4
Q
The Axial Skeleton consist
of:
A
Skull
Vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs
5
Q
excluding the hyoid bone and the mandible is
considered as being a long, four- sided pyramid.
A
Skull
6
Q
This pyramid has the following surfaces:
A
Dorsal
Two lateral
Ventral
7
Q
only in horse and cat; between two
parietal bones rostral to the occipital bone; in other
species, it is present in the fetus then fuse with
surrounding bones before birth
A
interparietal bone
8
Q
–forms the entire roof of the cranium in ox
and pig
A
frontal bone
9
Q
splanchnic bone in the nose of pigs
A
Rostral bone
10
Q
complete in the horse and ruminants,
incomplete in the carnivores but is completed by the
orbital ligament
A
bony orbit
11
Q
only in horses; the ridge on the lateral
surface of the face
A
facial crest
12
Q
in ruminants, the process on the lateral
surface of the face
A
facial tuberosity
13
Q
– the process of the
frontal bone of horned ruminants that is
enclosed by the horn
A
cornual process
14
Q
– in ruminants, has been
pushed to the lateral side of the skull by
the frontal bone
A
temporal fossa
15
Q
– in ruminants
and pigs; is the joining of the round and
orbital foramina of other species
A
foramen orbitorotundum
16
Q
are
large air spaces which communicate
directly or indirectly with the nasal
cavity.
A
paranasal sinuses of the skull
17
Q
(4) Horse:
A
Maxillary, frontal, sphenopalatine, ethmoidal
18
Q
(5) Cattle:
A
frontal, palatomaxillary, lacrimal, sphenoidal, conchal
19
Q
(5) Pig:
A
frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, sphenoidal, conchal
20
Q
(3) Dog:
A
maxillary recess, frontal, sphenoidal
21
Q
is the largest among the sinuses in
horses
A
Maxillary sinus
22
Q
The maxillary sinus is the largest among the sinuses in
horses. It is divided by an oblique septum into:
A
Rostral compartment
Caudal compartment.
23
Q
The maxillary sinus of Cattle has three openings
A
into lacrimal sinus
into palatine sinus
into middle nasal meatus
24
Q
has maxillary recess between the
area of the maxillary bones, not inside
the maxillary bone
A
Dog
25
has two maxillary sinuses
separated by a bony septum, the rostral
maxillary sinus and the caudal maxillary
sinus
horse
26
have single maxillary
sinus
pig and ruminats
27
– paper thin caudal extent
of the maxillary sinus in the ruminants
lacrimal bulla
28
in the dorsal part of the skull, between
the orbits in the horse, small ruminants and carnivores;
In the ox and pigs, it extends to the back of the skull; in
ruminants it has a number of diverticula besides the
cornual diverticulum
frontal sinus
29
in horses, the joined frontal and
dorsal conchal sinus
Conchofrontal sinus
30
– in the horse, the large
opening between the caudal maxillary sinus and frontal
sinus
frontomaxillary opening
31
– the direct continuation of the
frontal sinus into the cornual process in horned
ruminants
cornual diverticulum
32
is very large. It involves nearly all the
frontal bone and a large part of the posterior wall of
the cranium.
frontal sinus
33
It extends into the horn processes when these are
present
frontal sinus of the cattle
34
is divided into one major and one to four minor
compartments. Each compartment has an anterior
outlet into the ethmoidal meatus and thus indirectly
into the middle nasal meatus.
Cavity (frontal sinus of cattle )
35
the drilling of holes (trephine holes) into the
paranasal sinus
trephination
36
all but the last upper cheek teeth can be removed
through the trephined holes in the maxillary sinuses; the
last cheek tooth is reached by trephining the conchofrontal
sinus (1 inch off midline between the medial canthi of the
eyes), then use a curved punch through the frontomaxillary
opening; care must be taken to avoid the infraorbital canal
and the lacrimal canal
horse
37
trephination of the four compartments frontal sinus
ox
38
of the frontal sinus is often opened
in dehorning and thus a possible entrance for inflammation
(sinusitis)
cornual diverticulum
39
inflammation of the paranasal sinuses;
trephination may be used to drain the infection
sinusitis
40
is situated between the vertical parts of
the rami of the mandibles. It is attached on either side
to the styloid process of the petrous temporal bone by
rods of cartilage.
hyoid bone
41
It supports the following structures:
Root of the tongue
Pharynx
Larynx
42
– the rostral projection of the basihyoid
bone into the tongue; carnivores lack such process but a
horse has a long one and the ox a short one
lingual process
43
The vertebral column is subdivided into five regions:
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Caudal
44
Vertebral formula of horse
C7T18L6S5Cd15-20
45
Vertebral formula of ox
C7T13L6S5Cd18-20
46
Vertebralformula of sheep
C7T13L6-7S4Cd16-18
47
vertebral formula of Goat
C7T13L7S4Cd12
48
Vertebralformula of HOg
C7T14-15L6-7S4Cd20-23
49
vertebral formula of dog
C7T13L7S3Cd20-23
50
vertebralformula of chicken
C14T7LS14Cd6
51
Vertebralformula of human
C7T12L5S5Cd4
52
Processes;
Articular
Transverse
Spinous
53
A typical vertebra is described as
having:-
Body
Arch
Processes
54
can be recognized by the fact that
they are:-
Massive and quadrangular,
Longer than vertebrae in other regions,
Cervical vertebrae
55
have as regional characters:-
Facet for articulation with the ribs,
Long spinous processes
Thoracic vertebrae
56
have as regional characters:-
Short bodies,
Expanded transverse processes.
Lumbar vertebrae
57
are fused to form a single bone.
Generally the sacrum is described as having:-
Two surfaces,
Two borders,
A base,
An apex.
Sacral vertebrae a
58
- Three foramina are present:
1. Intervertebral
2. Alar
3. Transverse
(atlas)
Horse
59
Alar foramen is a notch. (atlas)
Dog
60
Transverse foramen is absent. The
wings of the sheep atlas project posteriorly. (Atlas)
Cattle/sheep
61
- Transverse foramen is positioned in the
posterior border of wing (atlas)
Pig
62
The Axis or
(Epistropheus)
63
- is typically tooth-like (dens/axis)
dog
64
- Dens is characteristically spout- shaped.
cattle/sheep
65
Spinous process - bifid.
Horse
66
Spinous process - High spine directed posteriorly
Pig
67
cervical of horse has a trifid transverse process.
6th
68
transverse process of the other animals has a welldeveloped ventral plate.
6th
69
cervical can be recognized by the following
features:-
Single transverse process,
Absence of transverse foramen,
Facet on either side of posterior body for head of 1st rib
7th
70
have an
additional process- mammillary
process.
caudal thoracics
71
has no posterior
costal facets.
last thoracic
72
The thoracic vertebra with the most
vertical oriented spine, usually the ______ in
the dog;
11th
73
The thoracic vertebra with the most
vertical oriented spine, usually the 11th in
the dog;
all spines cranial to this are inclined
caudally; all spines caudal to it incline
cranially;
this is often the landmark in reading
radiographs of the thorax or back
Anticlinal vertebra
74
Carnivores
of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae
13, 11
75
horse
of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae
18,16
76
Ox
of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae
13,13
77
Pig
# of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae
14-15, 10
78
Chicken
# of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae
7,---
79
A characteristic of Equidae is that
the transverse processes of
lumbars 4, 5 and 6 articulate with
each other and sometimes fused
with each other
Horse (Lumbar)
80
The sacrum
unfused in horse and
Spinous process
81
The sacrum
fused sacral spinal
process in ruminants
Median Sacral crest
82
A shaft,
Two extremities- sternal and vertebral.
The vertebral extremity presents the
head, neck and tubercle.
Ribs
83
articulates with the body of
vertebra of same serial number and that of the one
in front
head of a rib
84
articulates with the tranverse
process of the vertebra of the same serial number.
tubercle of a rib
85
– last pair in dogs only
Floating ribs
86
Horse
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae
18,8,10,7
87
cattle
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae
13,8,5,7
88
Goat
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae
13,8,5,7
89
sheep
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae
13,8,5,7
90
pig
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae
14,7,7,6
91
dog
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae
13,9,4,8
92
Narrow shaft, strongly curved in dorsal
third
horse
93
Wide, flat shaft, long neck.
cattle/sheep
94
Narrow shaft, distinct angle
Pig
95
- Cylindrical shaft.
dog
96
is distinguished by the fact that it is
the shortest and the end of the shaft widens
greatly at the sternal extremity.
first rib
97
. A common feature
of the 1st rib is the
scalene tubercle
98
consists of four
regions:
Shoulder,
Upper arm,
Forearm,
Manus
forelimb
99
is a flat bone forming the skeleton of the
shoulder.
scapula
100
Spine fades out distally. Trapezius tubercle
present.
horse scapula
101
Bone distinctly triangular. Spine sinuous,
dividing lateral surface into unequal fossae.
ox/sheep scapula
102
Prominent trapezius tubercle overhanging
infraspinous fossa.
pig scapula
103
Spine bisects lateral surface. Distinct
acromion.
Dog
104
– absent in horse and pig
acromnion
105
– a bony enlargement of the scapular spine
found in the horse and pig (poorly developed in the cat
and ox)
spinal tuber
106
– a narrow band in the dog; broad
thin structure in horse, ruminants and pigs
scapula cartilage
107
– in cat; caudal projection of
acromion; distal end of spine can be called the
acromion or hamate (L. hooked) process
suprahamate process
108
Forms a joint with the scapula in
birds and higher primates
but in quadrupeds it is represented
by clavicular tendon, a connective
tissue band within the
brachiocephalicus muscle
clavicle
109
a separate, non-articulating bone
seen radiographically
cat clavicle
110
rudimentary structure embedded in
the brachiocephalic muscle, rarely seen
radiographically
Dog clavicle
111
absent of clavicle
horse and ruminants
112
supraglenoid tubercle in the carnivores
fuses by 8 months of age; supraglenoid
tubercle and cranial glenoid cavity (fuse
one year) and dorsal border of scapula
(fuses at 3 years
Secondary ossification centers –
113
in the cat can be mistaken for a
bone in the esophagus on lateral
radiographs
clavicle
114
is a long bone forming the skeleton of the upper arm,
or brachium.
humerus
115
Bicipital groove divided by a ridge.
horse humerus
116
Massive lateral tuberosity overhangs bicipital groove.
horse humerus
117
Lateral tuberosity almost converts bicipital groove into
foramen.
pig humerus
118
Single lateral tuberosity. Coronoid olecranon fossae
communicate through supratrochlear foramen.
Dog humerus
119
– the hole between the olecranon
and the radial fossa found in the dog and sometimes in
the pig; nothing passes through it
Supratrochlear fossa –
120
– opening in the medial
epicondyle present only in cat; t
Supracondylar foramen
121
a prominence in the horse
intertubercular groove
Intermediate tubercle
122
divided into cranial and caudal parts
in ungulates
Greater tubercle
123
are two long bones which together form
the skeleton of the forearm.
radius and the ulna
124
Ulna fused two- thirds of the way down shaft of the radius.
Radius longer than ulna.
horse
125
Ulna complete. Projects distally beyond the radius as the
styloid process. Ulna is longer.
ox
126
Ulna not necessarily fused. Extremely slender. Ulna is
longer
sheep
127
Ulna massive. Articulates with radius and ulnar carpal.
Ulna is longer
pig
128
Ulna never fused. Olecranon has trituberculate summit. Ulna is
longer.
dog
129
fuses with the radius in the horse
and ruminants; therefore, these animals
cannot supinate or pronate their forearm;
not fused in carnivores and pigs, allowing
pronation and supination
ulna
130
– the distal
epiphysis of the horse ulna is fused with
the radius and in essence become a part
of the radius
Styloid process of ulna
131
- The skeleton of the manus consists of:
Carpus,
Metacarpus,
Digits.
manus
132
The skeleton of the manus consists of
Carpus,
Metacarpus,
Digits
133
is the terminal segment
of the manus
digital region
134
is
comprised of five digits each of which
bears three phalanges
Mammalian manus
135
long pastern bone
Proximal phalanx
136
short pastern bone
Middle phalanx
137
coffin bone
Distal phalanx-
138
In carnivores, the 1st digit and the 1st
metacarpal bone. The 1st digit is reduced
in size having only two phalanges, the
proximal and distal and one proximal
sesamoid bone.
dew claw
139
In farm animals like pig and ruminants, D2
and D5 are non-weight bearing and called
a
dew claw
140
consists of
four regions:
Hip
Thigh ,
Leg/crus,
Pes
Hind limb
141
The hindlimb consists of
four regions:
Hip
Thigh ,
Leg/crus,
Pes
142
e is termed the os coxae. The os coxae is the
largest flat bone in the body. It consists of three parts:
hip bone
143
The hip bone is termed the os coxae. The os coxae is the
largest flat bone in the body. It consists of three parts
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
144
includes the os coxae of either
side.
pelvic girdle
145
includes:
Pelvic girdle
Sacrum
Caudals 1 and 2
bony pelvis
146
called hook in the ox
Tuber coxae
147
pin bone in ox
Ischiatic tuberosity –
148
Wing of ilium has gluteal line.
horse
149
Three (3) prominences on sciatic tuber. Obturator
foramen wide and sharp medially. Pelvic symphysis has
distinct ventral ridge.
Ox
150
As ox. In addition, long axes of ilium and
ischium form nearly straight line.
Sheep
151
Wing of ilium divided into two fossae by distinct
gluteal line.
Pig
152
Wing of ilium distinctly concave.
dog
153
the large prominence on the medial
ridge of the patellar surface in the horse; the patella
locks over this structure when the stay apparatus is in
us
Trochlear tubercle –
154
absent in the ruminants
Third trochanter
155
– the two small sesamoid bones embedded in
the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle of the carnivore
Fabellae
156
shouldn’t be mistaken for a chip fracture in radiographs
Sesamoid bone of the popliteal tendon in carnivore
157
– in the horse and ox attaches the
medial patellar ligament with the patella
Patellar fibrocartilage
158
Determination of side:
Head is medial,
Trochlea is distal and anterior
femur
159
Carnivores and pig – not fused
tibia and fbula
160
the head of fibula fuses to the tibia; most
of the body of the fibula fails to develop, therefore the
proximal and distal fibula are not connected and there
is no interosseous space; the distal end of the fibula
(lateral malleolus) remains separate from the tibia
Ruminant tibia and fibula
161
– the fibula is a reduced bone that reaches only
half way down the tibia; the true distal end of the
fibula (lateral malleolus) is fused with the tibia
horse tibia and fibula
162
= tibial tarsal bone
Talus
163
fibular tarsal bone
calcaneus
164
Carnivores – 1
st MT is even more reduced
than in the front limb and the 1st digit
(dewclaw) is often absent
metatarsals and digits
165
Ruminants – the 5th MT is absent; a
metatarsal sesamoid bone is present and
is often called the small metatarsal or MT
II
Metatarsal and digits
166
