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Vana 102: 12.2 > 3.0 > Flashcards

3.0 Flashcards

1
Q

– in growing bone is easily fractured

A

Physis

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2
Q

can be harvested surgically and moved
to a fracture site to aid in repair;

A

Cancellous bone

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3
Q

sources of cancellous bone are:

A
  1. Tibial tuberosity,
     2. Greater tubercle of humerus,
     3. greater trochanter of femur,
     4. wing of the ilium
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4
Q

The Axial Skeleton consist
of:

A

Skull
Vertebrae
Sternum
Ribs

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5
Q

excluding the hyoid bone and the mandible is
considered as being a long, four- sided pyramid.

A

Skull

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6
Q

This pyramid has the following surfaces:

A

 Dorsal
 Two lateral
 Ventral

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7
Q

only in horse and cat; between two
parietal bones rostral to the occipital bone; in other
species, it is present in the fetus then fuse with
surrounding bones before birth

A

interparietal bone

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8
Q

–forms the entire roof of the cranium in ox
and pig

A

frontal bone

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9
Q

splanchnic bone in the nose of pigs

A

Rostral bone

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10
Q

complete in the horse and ruminants,
incomplete in the carnivores but is completed by the
orbital ligament

A

bony orbit

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11
Q

only in horses; the ridge on the lateral
surface of the face

A

facial crest

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12
Q

in ruminants, the process on the lateral
surface of the face

A

facial tuberosity

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13
Q

– the process of the
frontal bone of horned ruminants that is
enclosed by the horn

A

cornual process

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14
Q

– in ruminants, has been
pushed to the lateral side of the skull by
the frontal bone

A

temporal fossa

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15
Q

– in ruminants
and pigs; is the joining of the round and
orbital foramina of other species

A

foramen orbitorotundum

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16
Q

are
large air spaces which communicate
directly or indirectly with the nasal
cavity.

A

paranasal sinuses of the skull

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17
Q

(4) Horse:

A

Maxillary, frontal, sphenopalatine, ethmoidal

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18
Q

(5) Cattle:

A

frontal, palatomaxillary, lacrimal, sphenoidal, conchal

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19
Q

(5) Pig:

A

frontal, maxillary, lacrimal, sphenoidal, conchal

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20
Q

(3) Dog:

A

maxillary recess, frontal, sphenoidal

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21
Q

is the largest among the sinuses in
horses

A

Maxillary sinus

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22
Q

The maxillary sinus is the largest among the sinuses in
horses. It is divided by an oblique septum into:

A

Rostral compartment
 Caudal compartment.

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23
Q

The maxillary sinus of Cattle has three openings

A

into lacrimal sinus
into palatine sinus
into middle nasal meatus

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24
Q

has maxillary recess between the
area of the maxillary bones, not inside
the maxillary bone

A

Dog

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25
Q

has two maxillary sinuses
separated by a bony septum, the rostral
maxillary sinus and the caudal maxillary
sinus

A

horse

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26
Q

have single maxillary
sinus

A

pig and ruminats

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27
Q

– paper thin caudal extent
of the maxillary sinus in the ruminants

A

lacrimal bulla

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28
Q

in the dorsal part of the skull, between
the orbits in the horse, small ruminants and carnivores;
In the ox and pigs, it extends to the back of the skull; in
ruminants it has a number of diverticula besides the
cornual diverticulum

A

frontal sinus

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29
Q

in horses, the joined frontal and
dorsal conchal sinus

A

Conchofrontal sinus

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30
Q

– in the horse, the large
opening between the caudal maxillary sinus and frontal
sinus

A

frontomaxillary opening

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31
Q

– the direct continuation of the
frontal sinus into the cornual process in horned
ruminants

A

cornual diverticulum

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32
Q

is very large. It involves nearly all the
frontal bone and a large part of the posterior wall of
the cranium.

A

frontal sinus

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33
Q

It extends into the horn processes when these are
present

A

frontal sinus of the cattle

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34
Q

is divided into one major and one to four minor
compartments. Each compartment has an anterior
outlet into the ethmoidal meatus and thus indirectly
into the middle nasal meatus.

A

Cavity (frontal sinus of cattle )

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35
Q

the drilling of holes (trephine holes) into the
paranasal sinus

A

trephination

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36
Q

all but the last upper cheek teeth can be removed
through the trephined holes in the maxillary sinuses; the
last cheek tooth is reached by trephining the conchofrontal
sinus (1 inch off midline between the medial canthi of the
eyes), then use a curved punch through the frontomaxillary
opening; care must be taken to avoid the infraorbital canal
and the lacrimal canal

A

horse

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37
Q

trephination of the four compartments frontal sinus

A

ox

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38
Q

of the frontal sinus is often opened
in dehorning and thus a possible entrance for inflammation
(sinusitis)

A

cornual diverticulum

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39
Q

inflammation of the paranasal sinuses;
trephination may be used to drain the infection

A

sinusitis

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40
Q

is situated between the vertical parts of
the rami of the mandibles. It is attached on either side
to the styloid process of the petrous temporal bone by
rods of cartilage.

A

hyoid bone

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41
Q

It supports the following structures:

A

 Root of the tongue
 Pharynx
 Larynx

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42
Q

– the rostral projection of the basihyoid
bone into the tongue; carnivores lack such process but a
horse has a long one and the ox a short one

A

lingual process

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43
Q

The vertebral column is subdivided into five regions:

A

Cervical
 Thoracic
 Lumbar
 Sacral
 Caudal

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44
Q

Vertebral formula of horse

A

C7T18L6S5Cd15-20

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45
Q

Vertebral formula of ox

A

C7T13L6S5Cd18-20

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46
Q

Vertebralformula of sheep

A

C7T13L6-7S4Cd16-18

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47
Q

vertebral formula of Goat

A

C7T13L7S4Cd12

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48
Q

Vertebralformula of HOg

A

C7T14-15L6-7S4Cd20-23

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49
Q

vertebral formula of dog

A

C7T13L7S3Cd20-23

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50
Q

vertebralformula of chicken

A

C14T7LS14Cd6

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51
Q

Vertebralformula of human

A

C7T12L5S5Cd4

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52
Q

 Processes;

A

Articular
 Transverse
 Spinous

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53
Q

A typical vertebra is described as
having:-

A

 Body
 Arch
 Processes

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54
Q

can be recognized by the fact that
they are:-
 Massive and quadrangular,
 Longer than vertebrae in other regions,

A

Cervical vertebrae

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55
Q

have as regional characters:-
 Facet for articulation with the ribs,
 Long spinous processes

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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56
Q

have as regional characters:-
 Short bodies,
 Expanded transverse processes.

A

Lumbar vertebrae

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57
Q

are fused to form a single bone.
Generally the sacrum is described as having:-
 Two surfaces,
 Two borders,
 A base,
 An apex.

A

Sacral vertebrae a

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58
Q
  • Three foramina are present:
    1. Intervertebral
    2. Alar
    3. Transverse

(atlas)

A

Horse

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59
Q

Alar foramen is a notch. (atlas)

A

Dog

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60
Q

Transverse foramen is absent. The
wings of the sheep atlas project posteriorly. (Atlas)

A

Cattle/sheep

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61
Q
  • Transverse foramen is positioned in the
    posterior border of wing (atlas)
A

Pig

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62
Q

The Axis or

A

(Epistropheus)

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63
Q
  • is typically tooth-like (dens/axis)
A

dog

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64
Q
  • Dens is characteristically spout- shaped.
A

cattle/sheep

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65
Q

Spinous process - bifid.

A

Horse

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66
Q

Spinous process - High spine directed posteriorly

A

Pig

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67
Q

cervical of horse has a trifid transverse process.

A

6th

68
Q

transverse process of the other animals has a welldeveloped ventral plate.

A

6th

69
Q

cervical can be recognized by the following
features:-
 Single transverse process,
 Absence of transverse foramen,
 Facet on either side of posterior body for head of 1st rib

A

7th

70
Q

have an
additional process- mammillary
process.

A

caudal thoracics

71
Q

has no posterior
costal facets.

A

last thoracic

72
Q

The thoracic vertebra with the most
vertical oriented spine, usually the ______ in
the dog;

A

11th

73
Q

The thoracic vertebra with the most
vertical oriented spine, usually the 11th in
the dog;
 all spines cranial to this are inclined
caudally; all spines caudal to it incline
cranially;
 this is often the landmark in reading
radiographs of the thorax or back

A

Anticlinal vertebra

74
Q

Carnivores

of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae

A

13, 11

75
Q

horse

of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae

A

18,16

76
Q

Ox

of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae

A

13,13

77
Q

Pig
# of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae

A

14-15, 10

78
Q

Chicken
# of thoracic
vertebrae,
Anticlinal
vertebrae

A

7,—

79
Q

A characteristic of Equidae is that
the transverse processes of
lumbars 4, 5 and 6 articulate with
each other and sometimes fused
with each other

A

Horse (Lumbar)

80
Q

The sacrum
unfused in horse and

A

Spinous process

81
Q

The sacrum
fused sacral spinal
process in ruminants

A

Median Sacral crest

82
Q

 A shaft,
 Two extremities- sternal and vertebral.
The vertebral extremity presents the
head, neck and tubercle.

A

Ribs

83
Q

articulates with the body of
vertebra of same serial number and that of the one
in front

A

head of a rib

84
Q

articulates with the tranverse
process of the vertebra of the same serial number.

A

tubercle of a rib

85
Q

– last pair in dogs only

A

Floating ribs

86
Q

Horse
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae

A

18,8,10,7

87
Q

cattle
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae

A

13,8,5,7

88
Q

Goat
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae

A

13,8,5,7

89
Q

sheep
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae

A

13,8,5,7

90
Q

pig
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae

A

14,7,7,6

91
Q

dog
Rib Plate Sternal Asternal Sternabrae

A

13,9,4,8

92
Q

Narrow shaft, strongly curved in dorsal
third

A

horse

93
Q

Wide, flat shaft, long neck.

A

cattle/sheep

94
Q

Narrow shaft, distinct angle

A

Pig

95
Q
  • Cylindrical shaft.
A

dog

96
Q

is distinguished by the fact that it is
the shortest and the end of the shaft widens
greatly at the sternal extremity.

A

first rib

97
Q

. A common feature
of the 1st rib is the

A

scalene tubercle

98
Q

consists of four
regions:
 Shoulder,
 Upper arm,
 Forearm,
 Manus

A

forelimb

99
Q

is a flat bone forming the skeleton of the
shoulder.

A

scapula

100
Q

Spine fades out distally. Trapezius tubercle
present.

A

horse scapula

101
Q

Bone distinctly triangular. Spine sinuous,
dividing lateral surface into unequal fossae.

A

ox/sheep scapula

102
Q

Prominent trapezius tubercle overhanging
infraspinous fossa.

A

pig scapula

103
Q

Spine bisects lateral surface. Distinct
acromion.

A

Dog

104
Q

– absent in horse and pig

A

acromnion

105
Q

– a bony enlargement of the scapular spine
found in the horse and pig (poorly developed in the cat
and ox)

A

spinal tuber

106
Q

– a narrow band in the dog; broad
thin structure in horse, ruminants and pigs

A

scapula cartilage

107
Q

– in cat; caudal projection of
acromion; distal end of spine can be called the
acromion or hamate (L. hooked) process

A

suprahamate process

108
Q

Forms a joint with the scapula in
birds and higher primates
but in quadrupeds it is represented
by clavicular tendon, a connective
tissue band within the
brachiocephalicus muscle

A

clavicle

109
Q

a separate, non-articulating bone
seen radiographically

A

cat clavicle

110
Q

rudimentary structure embedded in
the brachiocephalic muscle, rarely seen
radiographically

A

Dog clavicle

111
Q

absent of clavicle

A

horse and ruminants

112
Q

supraglenoid tubercle in the carnivores
fuses by 8 months of age; supraglenoid
tubercle and cranial glenoid cavity (fuse
one year) and dorsal border of scapula
(fuses at 3 years

A

Secondary ossification centers –

113
Q

in the cat can be mistaken for a
bone in the esophagus on lateral
radiographs

A

clavicle

114
Q

is a long bone forming the skeleton of the upper arm,
or brachium.

A

humerus

115
Q

Bicipital groove divided by a ridge.

A

horse humerus

116
Q

Massive lateral tuberosity overhangs bicipital groove.

A

horse humerus

117
Q

Lateral tuberosity almost converts bicipital groove into
foramen.

A

pig humerus

118
Q

Single lateral tuberosity. Coronoid olecranon fossae
communicate through supratrochlear foramen.

A

Dog humerus

119
Q

– the hole between the olecranon
and the radial fossa found in the dog and sometimes in
the pig; nothing passes through it

A

 Supratrochlear fossa –

120
Q

– opening in the medial
epicondyle present only in cat; t

A

Supracondylar foramen

121
Q

a prominence in the horse
intertubercular groove

A

Intermediate tubercle

122
Q

divided into cranial and caudal parts
in ungulates

A

Greater tubercle

123
Q

are two long bones which together form
the skeleton of the forearm.

A

radius and the ulna

124
Q

Ulna fused two- thirds of the way down shaft of the radius.
Radius longer than ulna.

A

horse

125
Q

Ulna complete. Projects distally beyond the radius as the
styloid process. Ulna is longer.

A

ox

126
Q

Ulna not necessarily fused. Extremely slender. Ulna is
longer

A

sheep

127
Q

Ulna massive. Articulates with radius and ulnar carpal.
Ulna is longer

A

pig

128
Q

Ulna never fused. Olecranon has trituberculate summit. Ulna is
longer.

A

dog

129
Q

fuses with the radius in the horse
and ruminants; therefore, these animals
cannot supinate or pronate their forearm;
not fused in carnivores and pigs, allowing
pronation and supination

A

ulna

130
Q

– the distal
epiphysis of the horse ulna is fused with
the radius and in essence become a part
of the radius

A

Styloid process of ulna

131
Q
  • The skeleton of the manus consists of:
     Carpus,
     Metacarpus,
     Digits.
A

manus

132
Q

The skeleton of the manus consists of

A

 Carpus,
 Metacarpus,
 Digits

133
Q

is the terminal segment
of the manus

A

digital region

134
Q

is
comprised of five digits each of which
bears three phalanges

A

Mammalian manus

135
Q

long pastern bone

A

Proximal phalanx

136
Q

short pastern bone

A

 Middle phalanx

137
Q

coffin bone

A

Distal phalanx-

138
Q

In carnivores, the 1st digit and the 1st
metacarpal bone. The 1st digit is reduced
in size having only two phalanges, the
proximal and distal and one proximal
sesamoid bone.

A

dew claw

139
Q

In farm animals like pig and ruminants, D2
and D5 are non-weight bearing and called
a

A

dew claw

140
Q

consists of
four regions:
 Hip
 Thigh ,
 Leg/crus,
 Pes

A

Hind limb

141
Q

 The hindlimb consists of
four regions:

A

Hip
 Thigh ,
 Leg/crus,
 Pes

142
Q

e is termed the os coxae. The os coxae is the
largest flat bone in the body. It consists of three parts:

A

hip bone

143
Q

The hip bone is termed the os coxae. The os coxae is the
largest flat bone in the body. It consists of three parts

A

Ilium
 Ischium
 Pubis

144
Q

includes the os coxae of either
side.

A

pelvic girdle

145
Q

includes:
 Pelvic girdle
 Sacrum
 Caudals 1 and 2

A

bony pelvis

146
Q

called hook in the ox

A

Tuber coxae

147
Q

pin bone in ox

A

Ischiatic tuberosity –

148
Q

Wing of ilium has gluteal line.

A

horse

149
Q

Three (3) prominences on sciatic tuber. Obturator
foramen wide and sharp medially. Pelvic symphysis has
distinct ventral ridge.

A

Ox

150
Q

As ox. In addition, long axes of ilium and
ischium form nearly straight line.

A

Sheep

151
Q

Wing of ilium divided into two fossae by distinct
gluteal line.

A

Pig

152
Q

Wing of ilium distinctly concave.

A

dog

153
Q

the large prominence on the medial
ridge of the patellar surface in the horse; the patella
locks over this structure when the stay apparatus is in
us

A

Trochlear tubercle –

154
Q

absent in the ruminants

A

Third trochanter

155
Q

– the two small sesamoid bones embedded in
the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle of the carnivore

A

Fabellae

156
Q

shouldn’t be mistaken for a chip fracture in radiographs

A

Sesamoid bone of the popliteal tendon in carnivore

157
Q

– in the horse and ox attaches the
medial patellar ligament with the patella

A

Patellar fibrocartilage

158
Q

 Determination of side:
 Head is medial,
 Trochlea is distal and anterior

A

femur

159
Q

Carnivores and pig – not fused

A

tibia and fbula

160
Q

the head of fibula fuses to the tibia; most
of the body of the fibula fails to develop, therefore the
proximal and distal fibula are not connected and there
is no interosseous space; the distal end of the fibula
(lateral malleolus) remains separate from the tibia

A

Ruminant tibia and fibula

161
Q

– the fibula is a reduced bone that reaches only
half way down the tibia; the true distal end of the
fibula (lateral malleolus) is fused with the tibia

A

horse tibia and fibula

162
Q

= tibial tarsal bone

A

Talus

163
Q

fibular tarsal bone

A

calcaneus

164
Q

Carnivores – 1
st MT is even more reduced
than in the front limb and the 1st digit
(dewclaw) is often absent

A

metatarsals and digits

165
Q

Ruminants – the 5th MT is absent; a
metatarsal sesamoid bone is present and
is often called the small metatarsal or MT
II

A

Metatarsal and digits

166
Q
A

Vana 102: 12.2 (5 decks)

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