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Vana 102: 12.2 > 12.1 > Flashcards

12.1 Flashcards

1
Q

 Chicken: located at the base of the beak; nares can be surrounded by
feathers or may be tubular in structure

A

Nostrils

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2
Q

In contrast to mammals, they are arranged in
a rostrocaudal, rather than dorsoventral, sequence

A

Nasal Conchae

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3
Q

Composed of rostral nasal concha (concha nasalis rostralis), middle
nasal concha (concha nasalis media), caudal nasal concha (concha
nasalis caudalis).

A

Nasal Conchae

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4
Q

The nasal cavity communicates with a single paranasal sinus, the

A

infraorbital sinus.

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5
Q

presents as a conspicuous mound in the ventral oropharynx, caudal
to the tongue

A

Larynx

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6
Q

x is to prevent access of foreign
matter to the deeper airways through reflex closure of the glottis. It
does not contribute to phonation

A

LArynx

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7
Q

shaped like a ‘sugar scoop’

A

cricoid cartilage

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8
Q

paired; resembles a tuning fork
with its tines directed caudally

A

arytenoid cartilage

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9
Q

a is supported by a series of cartilaginous rings, Except in
pigeons, these tend to become ossified

A

Trachea

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10
Q

resemble a signet ring, with the expanded portion alternately forming
the left and right half of each subsequent ring

A

 tracheal rings

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11
Q

extend along the length
of the trachea

A

tracheal muscles

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12
Q

muscles in trachea

A

m. tracheolateralis
 m. cleidohyoideus,
 m. sternotrachealis and
 m. cleidotrachealis

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13
Q

located at the level of the bifurcation of the
trachea into the primary bronchi

A

Syrinx

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14
Q

x function in a similar manner to the vocal
folds of the mammalian larynx.

A

syrinx

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15
Q

s are present in song birds and absent in domestic
poultry

A

Syringeal muscles

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16
Q

is
divided into a large and a small cavity and is believed to act as a
resonance chamber

A

syringeal
bulla

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17
Q

occupy a dorsal position, on either side
of the vertebral column. They are not lobed. The ribs are deeply
embedded in the dorsomedial portion of the lungs, forming
distinctive impressions (sulci costales) that separate the lung tissue
into segments known as tori intercostales

A

Lungs

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18
Q

The divisions of the bronchi are as follows:

A

two primary bronchi
 secondary bronchi
 parabronchi
 air capillaries (pneumocapillares)

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19
Q

referred to as first-order bronchi

A

Primary Bronchi

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20
Q

Walls contain incomplete C-shaped rings of cartilage

A

Primary Bronchi

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21
Q

is surrounded by respiratory epithelium, underlain by elastic
and collagen fibres, seromucous glands and lymphoreticular tissue

A

lumen

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22
Q

An adventitia of loose connective tissue is present

A

Primary Bronchi

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23
Q

Secondorder Bronchi

A

Secondary Bronchi

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24
Q

the ‘new lung’

A

neopulmo.

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25
Q

. All birds have the
remaining sectors, referred to as the ‘old lung’

A

paleopulmo

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26
Q

the functional units of the avian lung

A

Parabronchi

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27
Q

Interconnects the secondary bronchi; arranged in a parallel array of
elongated tubules, hence it is called ‘air pipes’

A

Parabronchi

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28
Q

Intimately intermeshed with a dense network of blood capillaries,
permitting gas exchange to take place across the blood–gas barrier

A

Air capillaries

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29
Q

avian blood–gas barrier is considerably thinner than that of
mammals.

A

Air capillaries

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30
Q

are thin-walled deformable cavities attached to the lungs

A

Air Sacs

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31
Q

 They provide mechanical ventilation of the lungs by acting as a
bellows

A

Air Sacs

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32
Q

also serve to pneumatise the
skeleton

A

Air Sacs

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33
Q

The unpaired air sacs develop
embryonically as paired structures,
fusing at hatching to give rise to

A

a cervical air sac
 a clavicular air sac

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34
Q

Located more caudally are the
paired:

A

 cranial thoracic air sacs
 caudal thoracic air sacs
 abdominal air sacs

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35
Q

communicate with the secondary bronchi except the
abdominal air sacs, which are connected directly to the primary
bronchi

A

air sacs

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36
Q

cranial air sacs:

A
  • cervical air sac
  • clavicular air sac
  • cranial thoracic air sac
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37
Q

 caudal air sacs:

A
  • caudal thoracic air sac
  • abdominal air sac
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38
Q

consists of a median chamber
lying over the oesophagus, and
two elongated diverticulae that
extend cranially into the vertebral
canal and the transverse canal of
the cervical vertebrae

A

Cervical Air Sac

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39
Q

 is capacious and complex
 envelops the heart, the great
vessels at the base of the heart
and the syrinx, as well as
penetrating the humerus and
extends between the muscles of
the pectoral girdle

A

Clavicular Air Sac

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40
Q

 Located between the horizontal
and oblique septa.
 They have no diverticulae.
 The caudal thoracic air sacs are
small in the chicken and absent in
the turkey.
 Air sac perfusion anaesthesia is
usually performed via the left
caudal thoracic air sac

A

Cranial and caudal
thoracic air sacs

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41
Q

 project around the abdominal
viscera
 Their volume far exceeds that of the
other air sacs, with the right being
larger than the left.
 Dorsally they lie against the kidneys,
as well as the testes in the male.
 Diverticulae extend as far as the hip
joint and penetrate the synsacrum
and the ilium.
 The abdominal air sacs play a key
role in the mechanical ventilation of
the lungs.

A

Abdominal air sacs

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42
Q

Movement of air through the lung–air sac system is brought about by
raising and lowering of the caudal margin of the sternum, and by
movement of the ribs

A

Avian Respiration

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43
Q

The muscles contributing to inspiration are the:

A

 mm. levatores costarum,
 m. scalenus,
 mm. intercostales externi

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44
Q

The muscles of expiration are the:

A

 mm. intercostales interni,
 muscles of the abdominal wall

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45
Q

Organs of the Digestive System

A

 Oral Cavity and Pharynx
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small Intestines
 Large Intestines
 Cloaca

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46
Q

the mouth and pharynx of birds constitute a combined cavity that is
surrounded dorsally and ventrally by the

A

beak

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47
Q

This macroscopically and functionally common space is referred to
as the

A

oropharynx

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48
Q

is a distinctive feature of the class Aves

A

beak

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49
Q

is a particular avian adaptation for feeding, it also
makes a significant contribution during flight as an aerodynamic
feature

A

beak

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50
Q

form the bony foundation of the beak

A

maxilla and mandibles

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51
Q

In
many species this is continuously replaced, in a manner similar to a
fingernail. Thus, if the beak of pet birds is not exposed to natural
wear, appropriate trimming may be required

A

rhamphotheca

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52
Q

 These bones are covered in a horny sheath

A

rhamphotheca

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53
Q

dorsal median ridge of the upper beak

A

Culmen

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54
Q

ventral midline structure equivalent to culmen

A

Gonys

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55
Q

a hard horny plate at the tip of the upper and lower beak in
many waterbird species

A

 Nail

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56
Q
  • the cutting edge of the upper and lower beak, where the
    inner and outer layers of horn come together
A

Tomium

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57
Q

in several species, a sharp calcified projection found
on the culmen of full term chicks; used by young birds during
hatching to break the egg membrane and sometimes also to
penetrate
the shell; lost shortly after hatching

A

‘egg tooth

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58
Q

, the beak is pointed and hooked,

A

Galliformes

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59
Q

) it is flattened
into a spoon-like shape

A

Anseriformes

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60
Q

In some species, the latter region is thickened forming a structure known as

A

cere

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61
Q

Transversely oriented ________ on the edges of the rhamphotheca of ducks
and geese assist in the filtration of food

A

lamellae

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62
Q

In most avian species, the tip of the beak contains multiple
aggregations of sensory receptors that form part of a complex
sensory structure known

A

bill tip organ.

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63
Q

The sensory receptors are housed within so-called

A

‘touch papillae’

64
Q
  • forms the dorsal boundary of the combined cavities, or
    oropharynx
A

 Palate

65
Q

in the palate
connects the oropharynx with the left and right nasal cavities

A

median cleft (choana)

66
Q

having a mechanical function in transporting food and guarding
against the ingestion of oversized foreign bodies

A

papillae (

67
Q

is covered by a non-glandular, often keratinized mucosa
featuring transverse ridges and shallow grooves studded with
numerous caudally directed papillae (galliformes and anatidae)
having a mechanical function in transporting food and guarding
against the ingestion of oversized foreign bodies

A

palate

68
Q

lies caudal to the choana which connects with the
middle ear; analogous to the auditory tube in mammals

A

infundibular cleft

69
Q

shape and development
varies markedly, according to diet

A

Tongue

70
Q

body of the tongue is supported
by a bone,

A

paraglossum

71
Q

differs markedly from the hyoid
apparatus of mammals

A

hyobranchial apparatus

72
Q

surrounds the
slit-like glottis, the entrance to the
laryngeal cavity

A

laryngeal mound

73
Q

ducts of polystomatic
salivary glands open at the base
of the mound

A

true

74
Q

Salivary Glands

A

 Maxillary salivary gland
 Palatine glands
 Rostral and intermediate
mandibular glands
 Lingual glands
 Sphenopterygoid glands

75
Q
A
76
Q

, the
cricoarytenoid glands and the
caudal mandibular glands

A

Sphenopterygoid glands

77
Q

The alimentary canal consists of the following components:

A

 esophagus:
- crop (ingluvies)
 stomach (gaster):
- proventriculus
- ventriculus, gizzard
 intestine (intestinum):
- small intestine: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- large intestine: caeca, rectum
 cloaca:
- coprodeum,
- urodeum and
- proctodeum

78
Q

At the thoracic inlet, the esophagus widens to form the crop that, in
most species, lies ventrally

A

Esophagus

79
Q

is formed by the dilation of the esophagus immediately before
its entry into the body cavity

A

crop

80
Q

 Permits temporary storage of ingesta as well as softening and
predigestion of poorly digestible foodstuffs

A

crop

81
Q

also produces a substance known as ‘crop milk’,
which is regurgitated and fed to nestlings

A

columbiform crop

82
Q

 glandular stomach

A

Proventriculus

83
Q

Muscular stomach, ‘gizzard’

A

Ventriculus

84
Q

are sometimes referred to as a ‘masticatory organ’ as it
replaces the function of the teeth

A

 Gizzard

85
Q

is shorter in relative terms than in domestic
mammals.

A

intestine

86
Q

e is longer in grain- and grassfeeders than in carnivores.

A

e intestine

87
Q

are present in all segments of the intestine

A

Villi

88
Q

Chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients takes place in the

A

intestine.

89
Q

is responsible for breakdown of cellulose, and
reabsorption of water occurs in the rectum and cloaca

A

caecum

90
Q

are most conspicuous near the Meckel’s
diverticulum, in the distal jejunoileum and at the entrance
to the caecum

A

Peyer’s patches

91
Q

jejunum and the ileum are sometimes referred to collectively as
the

A

jejunoileum

92
Q

 an embryonic remnant of the yolk
stalk, located on the ansa axialis
(an intestinal loop in the middle of
the jejunoileum), opposite the
longest middle branch of the
cranial mesenteric artery

A

Meckel’s diverticulum

93
Q

often
considered to represent the
boundary between the jejunum
and ileum,

A

rudimentary structure

94
Q

particularly well developed in the chicken; At its base, each caecum is
richly endowed with lymphatic tissue, sometimes referred to as the
cecal tonsils

A

Ceca

95
Q
  • the site of digestion of plant
    polysaccharides such as cellulose
A

Ceca

96
Q

the common excretory passage for the digestive and urogenital
systems

A

Cloaca

97
Q

 continous with rectum

A

Coprodeum

98
Q

 ureters and genital duct (male: deferent ducts; female: left oviduct) open

A

 Urodeum

99
Q

Terminal section; cloacal bursa (bursa of fabricius) pens in the dorsal wall; in
males, houses the copulatory organ (phallus) on its floor

A

Proctodeum

100
Q
  • external opening of the cloaca
A

Vent

101
Q

allow the cloaca to expand for
copulation, egg laying and defaecation

A

Cloacal muscles

102
Q

) surrounds the vent

A

A muscular sphincter

103
Q

, excreting toxic nitrogenous compounds
(particularly ammonia) in the form of a considerably less harmful
metabolic product (uric acid) in the urine.

A

uricotelic

104
Q

Birds lack the enzyme _____ ______(uricase) and are therefore
unable to convert urate into allantoin.

A

urate oxidase

105
Q

is absent in birds. This reduces bodyweight, and
thus facilitates flight. Urinary components are excreted together with
the feces

A

A urinary bladder

106
Q

presence of an avian

A

renal portal system

107
Q

embedded dorsally in excavations of the synsacrum

A

Kidneys

108
Q

lie medial to the cranial pole of
the kidneys

A

adrenal glands

109
Q

both kidneys is in contact with the paired

A

abdominal air sac

110
Q

mucous stringy urine is ultimately deposited
by the ureter into the urodeum of the cloaca.

A

viscous

111
Q

emerges from the ventral surface of the kidney in the region of the
middle renal division

A

Ureter

112
Q

develop to functional maturity in most avian species.

A

left ovary and
oviduct

113
Q

Those on the right side of the body rapidly ________ after hatching,
remaining throughout life as rudimentary structures that may be
filled with fluid.

A

y regress

114
Q

is located craniodorsally in the
intestinal peritoneal cavity

A

Ovary

115
Q

In the juvenile and non-laying
mature female chicken,
the _____ is a compact, roughly
triangular structure, measuring
approximately 15–20mm by 10mm
and weighing around 0.5g; its
surface has a finely granular
appearance

A

Ovary

116
Q

contains the ovarian follicles, comprising
oocytes surrounded by follicular epithelium

A

cortex

117
Q

, the macroscopic separation between cortex
and medulla becomes less distinct and is eventually completely
obliterated

A

sexual maturity

118
Q

is the
largest female gamete in the
animal kingdom

A

mature oocyte of birds

119
Q

is
equivalent to the tertiary, or
Graafian, follicle in mammals

A

pre-ovulatory follicle

120
Q

is connected to the
ovary by a peduncle into which
blood vessels, nerves and smooth
muscle cells are drawn

A

follicle

121
Q

is filled with a
yolk.

A

follicle

122
Q

The post-ovulatory follicle is
capable of producing
________, thus functionally
resembling the mammalian corpus
luteum

A

progesterone

123
Q

Oviduct
 consists of the:

A

 infundibulum
 magnum
 isthmus
 uterus
 vagina

124
Q

consists of a funnel-shaped proximal
section and a tubular distal portion

A

Infundibulum

125
Q

In contrast to mammals, the
infundibular opening is surrounded
by relatively few

A

fimbriae

126
Q

of the
oocyte by the spermatozoa occurs
in this segment.

A

Fertilisation

127
Q

glycoproteins and phospholipids
secreted by the glands are laid
down around the oocyte to form the

A

chalaziferous layer

128
Q

This inner dense
layer of albumen later forms the
twisted _______ that suspend the
yolk as it rotates about its
longitudinal axis

A

chalazae

129
Q

the longest and broadest segment
of the female genital tract

A

Magnum

130
Q

The glands in the magnum
produce ovalbumin, ovotransferrin
and ovomucoid. These
hygroscopic proteins form the
main component of the albumen,
to which water is added in
the uterus.

A

true

131
Q

The time spent by the oocyte (or
zygote) in the magnum is
approximately

A

three hours

132
Q

 The oocyte (or zygote) passes
through theisthmus in around 1.5
hours.

A

Isthmus

133
Q

 The oocyte (or zygote) passes
through theisthmus in around

A

1.5
hours.

134
Q

later forms in the space
between these membranes, at the
blunt end of the egg. More albumen
is also added in the isthmus.

A

air cell

135
Q
A
136
Q

sometimes also referred to as the
‘shell gland’

A

Uterus

137
Q

The final component of the
albumen is laid down in the uterus,
and the addition of a large
amount of water substantially
‘plumps up’ the hygroscopic mix
of proteins that make up the
completed ‘egg white’

A

true

138
Q

The egg spends around_____ in
the uterus

A

20 hours

139
Q

Most of this time is occupied by
the formation of the calcareous
shell from calcium carbonate and
other calcium salts. The organic
matrix of the shell is produced
from secretions of the columnar
epithelial cells.

A

Uterus

140
Q

The thin, organic outermost layer
of the egg, known as the _____, is
also derived from the uterus

A

cuticle

141
Q

With tubular utero-vaginal sperm host glands that serve as storage
sites for sperm near the m. sphincter vaginae at the junction

A

Vagina

142
Q

 These reservoirs are remarkable in that they can house viable sperm
for some weeks, allowing a female chicken to lay fertilised eggs for
up to two weeks after mating (the closest equivalent is the bitch, in
which sperm can be stored for a week).

A

Uterus

143
Q

The time taken for the egg to pass through the vagina is highly
variable with an average range of

A

5–10 minutes

144
Q

The male genital organs are
comprised of the:

A

testes
 epididymis
 deferent ducts (ductus deferens)
 copulatory organ (phallus)
 accessory organs of the phallus

145
Q

like those of
mammals, are paired. However,
as in elephants and cetaceans,
the testes do not undergo descent

A

testes

146
Q

Accordingly, birds also lack a

A

scrotum

147
Q

are located high in the body cavity,
between the lungs and the cranial renal division, adjacent to the
adrenal glands, aorta and the caudal vena cava

A

Testes

148
Q

lies against the dorsomedial
surface of the testis, extending
along approximately two-thirds of
the testicular border

A

Epididymis

149
Q

s is not
divided into segments

A

epididymis

150
Q

follows a
strongly meandering course,
occupying a retroperitoneal
position
ventromedial to the kidney

A

e deferent duct

151
Q

, as in mammals, is
to convey mature sperm

A

ductus deference

152
Q

The ductus deferens opens at
the ostium ductus
deferentis located on the
conical papilla ductus
deferentis (particularly
prominent in chickens) in the
urodeum

A

true

153
Q

of the male bird is a
component of the cloaca

A

Phallus

154
Q

Among modern bird species
there are two types of phallus:

A

 non-protrusible
 protrusible, intromittent

155
Q
A

Vana 102: 12.2 (5 decks)

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