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Vana 102: 12.2 > 12.2 > Flashcards

12.2 Flashcards

1
Q

The majority of the avian body is covered with

A

Feathers

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2
Q

The majority of the avian body is covered with

A

Feathers

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3
Q

performs many of the functions for which hairy skin is responsible in mammals, including:

A

avian feather coat

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4
Q

∙ Where feathers are present, the ____ is relatively thin.

A

Skin

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5
Q

consists of an epidermis and dermis (corium) underlain by the subcutis(hypodermis)

A

Feather skin

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6
Q

is homologous with that of mammals, differences are apparent in the layers of the dermis

A

epidermis

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7
Q

a superficial layer

A

stratum superficiale

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8
Q

a deep layer

A

stratum profundum

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9
Q

During incubation, many bird species develop a median ventrosternal

A

brood patch.

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10
Q

brood patch.

A

Feathers

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11
Q

such as ducks and geese, do not develop brood patches. Instead, they warm their eggs with plucked down feathers

A

waterfowl

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12
Q

is thicker in featherless regions, corresponding with the mechanical forces to which these parts of the body are subjected.

A

stratum corneum of the epidermis

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13
Q

(keratinized epidermis) is particularly hard at the edges of the beak, in the scales and spur, and on the dorsum of the claws

A

horn

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14
Q

is found at the cere, between the scales and on the plantar surface of the claws ∙

A

Soft horn

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15
Q

∙ Birds do not have

A

sweat glands.

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16
Q

is secreted by the glandulae venti located on the labia of the cloaca

A

mucoid substance

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17
Q

are found in only three locations:
o above the tail: the uropygial gland o in the external acoustic meatus: the auricular glands
o in the cloaca: the vent glands

A

Sebaceous glands

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18
Q

present consistently in chickens and water
birds, but may be absent in psittacids and
pigeons;

A

Uropygial gland

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19
Q

The oily holocrine secretory product is used
in preening to cover the feathers in a fatty
waterproof film.

A

Uropygial gland

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20
Q

It is thought to also play a role in the
storage of Vitamin D, allowing this nutrient to be taken up by the beak during grooming

A

Uropygial gland

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21
Q

are observed on the head and neck of birds

A

cutaneous structures

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22
Q

typical features of chickens, are variably developed in different breeds

A

comb, wattles and earlobes,

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23
Q

of this species presents as a bulge of skin that may become engorged when the bird is aroused

A

wattle

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24
Q

of this species presents as a bulge of skin that may become engorged when the bird is aroused

A

muscovy duck

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25
Q

can reach considerable proportions in sexually aroused male turkeys

A

snood

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26
Q

is also covered in numerous wart-like cutaneous caruncles that extend to the neck and breast

A

head of turkeys

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27
Q

a beard comprising a tuft of hard, dark bristles is present on the neck

A

fully grown turkey

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28
Q

of the guinea fowl consists of a cone-shaped peg of bone overlain by rough skin with a strongly keratinized epidermis.

A

crest (helmet)

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29
Q

The flexor surfaces of the joints of the wings (alae) are spanned by membranous folds of skin referred to as

A

Patagia

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30
Q

Only at the shoulder joint are these skin folds present on both the flexor and extensor surfaces of the limb

A

Patagia

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31
Q

at the transition from the neck to the wing

A

Patagium cervicale

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32
Q

between the shoulder and carpus

A

Propatagium

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33
Q

− between the alula and digit 2

A

Patagium alulae

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34
Q

extending from the breast to the elbow

A

Metapatagium

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35
Q

− between the elbow and the manus

A

Postpatagium

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36
Q

The interdigital space between the second, third and fourth pedal digits is spanned by short folds of skin known as

A

interdigital webs

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37
Q

these are used for swimming and extend to the tips of the toes

A

interdigital webs

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38
Q

possess an additional web between digits 1 and 2

A

Pelecaniformes

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39
Q

such as the coot, lack interdigital webbing, possessing instead small flaps of skin that extend from the side of the second to fourth toes

A

Rails (rallidae)

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40
Q

, which extends over the rostral portions of the maxilla and mandible. Its dermal layer is tightly attached to the periosteum. There is no subcutis.

A

Rhamphotheca

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41
Q

takes the place of the lips and teeth of mammals.

A

beak

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42
Q

In newly hatched chicks, a cone-shaped _____ is present on the rostral portion of the upper beak; Used by the chick to break open the egg shell during hatching, the egg tooth is subsequently shed

A

egg tooth

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43
Q

In some species, the skin at the base of the upper beak is variably thickened and is referred to as the

A

cere(cera)

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44
Q

∙ The featherless skin of the tarsometatarsus and digits (podotheca) is covered in

A

scales

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45
Q

(scale) On the dorsum these are relatively large

A

scuta

46
Q

(scale)while those found on the plantar
surface are smaller and typically hexagonal in shape

A

scutella

47
Q

The joints of the pedal digits are underlain

A

pads

48
Q

These include the_________ which bears weight when the foot is placed on the ground,

A

metatarsal pad

49
Q

that conform closely to the underlying surface during perching

A

digital pads

50
Q

are located at the tips of the digits of the foot

A

claws (ungues)

51
Q

forms a cone-shaped covering of the underlying bone. It consists of a dorsal plate and a plantar plate.

A

claws

52
Q

are adapted for scratching and are thus shorter and relatively straight.

A

claws

53
Q

are an occasional atavistic finding in domestic chickens and geese

A

Claws on the wings (ungues digiti manus)

54
Q

Located on the caudomedial tarsometatarsus where, in males, it is mounted on a large pyramidal bony protuberance

A

spur

55
Q

∙ It grows approximately 1cm per year, up to a total of around 6cm, and can thus be used in estimating age.

A

spur

56
Q

Related phylogenetically to the scales of reptiles, these are the distinguishing feature of all birds

A

feathers

57
Q

confer upon birds the capacity for flight

A

feathers

58
Q

are located on the antebrachium, manus
and the alula. Their number is consistent within species. Around 10–20
secondary remiges arise from the forearm, while ten primary remiges
originate from the manus. Up to four alular remiges are present. Each
remex has accompanying coverts. There are no remiges in the brachial
region, which is covered with coverts.

A

Remiges

59
Q

are characterised by a slightly curved shaft and
asymmetrical vexillae.

A

Remiges

60
Q

Arising from the rump, it form the basis of the tail.
 Their shaft is usually straight.
 Near the centre of the tail, the vexillae are generally symmetrical.
Towards the periphery, there is an increasing tendency towards
asymmetry of the vexillae (the medial vexillum becoming narrowed)
and curvature of the shaft.

A

Rectrices (sing. rectrix)

61
Q

consist only of a calamus with a
large tuft of keratinised filaments
at its tip

A

Down Feathers/Plumules

62
Q

Definitive (adult) down feathers
are particularly numerous in water
birds.

A

Down Feathers/Plumules

63
Q

Hardly any down feathers are
found on chickens, their
function being taken over in this
species by

A

Semiplumes

64
Q

s are similar to down
feathers, but have a clearly
defined rachis. Their association
with an afterfeather, including an
aftershaft, indicates that
semiplumes are actually a
modified form of covert.

A

Semiplumes

65
Q

Like down feathers, their role is to
provide thermal insulation.

A

Semiplumes

66
Q

are
specialised down feathers
that continually produce a
powdery substance consisting of
minute (approximately 1µm)
keratin granules.

A

Powder Down Feathers

67
Q

They are especially plentiful in
pigeons.

A

powder down feathers

68
Q

It is presumed that the powder
acts as a waterproof coating for
the plumage

A

powder down feathers

69
Q

are down-like feathers
that lie immediately adjacent to
the follicle of contour feathers. The
follicles of filoplumes are rich in
free nerve endings and Herbst
bodies are found in the surrounding tissue

A

Filoplumes

70
Q

are located on the head.
 They line the base of the beak and
form the eyelashes.
 Bristles have a rigid shaft with few
barbs and are associated with
numerous mechanoreceptors

A

bristle

71
Q

is very unique and in most species is
specially adapted for flight. It is a very lightweight and
delicate yet very strong

A

Avian skeleton

72
Q

 the sternum flying species have a pronounced ____ the
place on the sternum that the flight muscles attach to

A

keel

73
Q

is a
large bone situated
between the mandible
and the temporal
bone. It allow the
upper beak to be
opened wherever the
mandible is depressed

A

quadrate bone

74
Q

No parietal bone with
one more turbinate
bone.

A

quadrate bone

75
Q

Upper jaw is movable, swings upward and downward
(articulates in the brain case by nasal-frontal hinge)

A

kinetic

76
Q

is movable, swings upward and downward
(articulates in the brain case by nasal-frontal hinge)

A

upper jaw

77
Q

Have a large orbits separated by

A

interorbital

78
Q

do not extend caudal to the
nasal-frontal hinge

A

Holorhinal

79
Q

centers ossify to surround and protect the
ear

A

otic

80
Q

Dentary (largest bone) forms the mandibular symphysis
distally

A

lower jaw

81
Q

forms the mandibular symphysis
distally

A

Dentary (largest bone)

82
Q

Lumbar and Sacral are typically fused

A

synsacrum

83
Q

is the last
vertebra where feathers are attached

A

Pygostyle

84
Q

exhibiting a large ventrally directed keel “carina” w/c serve
as bony surface for the flight muscle (pectorals and
supracoracoideus)

A

sternum

85
Q

cranial most point of sternum

A

Carinal process

86
Q
  • 3 pairs of bones which supports the
    wings
     Formed by:
     fused clavicles or Furcula, it connect to carinal process of sternum
     Coracoid – most robust, hollow (clavicular air sacs)
     Scapula
A

pectoral girdle

87
Q

– largest in the
wing bone

A

humerus

88
Q

 Have pneumatic foramen at
proximal end w/c allow the
invasion of clavicular air sacs

A

humerus

89
Q

forearm

A

radius and ulna

90
Q

fused distal row of carpals
and metacarpals

A

carpometacarpus

91
Q

– represented by a small
projection of radial side of the
CMC

A

allular

92
Q

fused at their
distal extremities and enclose a
large enterosseus space between
them

A

major and minor

93
Q

is the
largest and contains 2
phalanges

A

major digit

94
Q

– fusion
of 3 bones. Illum,
ischium and pubis

A

pelvic girdle

95
Q

is
present between ilium and
ischium

A

illiochiatic foramen

96
Q

have nutrient foramen

A

Femur (thigh bone)

97
Q

is a very
prominent trochanter lateral to
its head

A

Proximal end

98
Q

r possesses a
large groove (rotular groove);
also have two condyles which
articulate with the tibiotarsus
and fibula

A

distal end of femur

99
Q

largest of the leg
bone

A

tibiotarsus

100
Q

Fusion of tibia and the proximal
row of tarsal bones

A

tibiotarsus

101
Q

Fusion of central tarsal,
distal row of tarsals and the
metatarsals II-IV

A

tarsometatarsus

102
Q

 The metatarsus carries ? digits

A

4

103
Q

Only the first digit
extends in a plantar direction

A

anisodactyl

104
Q

Both the first and fourth digits
assume a plantar orientation

A

Zygodactyly

105
Q

are generally symmetrical.
Towards the periphery, there is an increasing tendency towards
asymmetry of the vexillae (the medial vexillum becoming

A

vexillae

106
Q

for example, coverts make up the fan of the peacock, the sickle feathers of the rooster and the crest of the cockatoo

A

ornament feahters

107
Q

are distributed over the body in species-specific tracts (pterylae). ∙

A

coverts

108
Q

are not only anchored to the skin, but are also attached by syndesmoses to the underlying bones

A

calami

109
Q

usually consist of a distal pennaceous portion (pars pennata) and a proximal plumaceous portion (pars plumacea)

A

vexillae

110
Q

most robust, hollow (clavicular air sacs)
 Scapula

A

coracoid

Vana 102: 12.2 (5 decks)

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