2.0 Flashcards
The hair type of the fleece
of sheep
wool hairs
– the long hair of the
horse –forelock, mane, tail and “feathers”
(behind the fetlock)
Long hair
the hair coat of the pig; the cilia
(eyelashes), vibrissae (hairs of the
nostrils) and “beard” (hair of the
submandibular region ) of the goat
Bristles
Composed of wool hairs or undercoat of animals bred
for their ability to produce usable fibers
wool of sheep
Lacks guard hairs so that the fleece is soft and curly,
made up of long fine hairs
Wool of sheep
Has oily feel due to _____, a
product of cutaneous sebaceous glands
lanolin
– acquired from sheep (merino and
rambouillet)
commercial wool
– compound hair follicles with single primary hair
and a group of smaller secondary hairs
dog
single follicles grouped in clusters
pigs
single follicle with primary guard hair surrounded
by clusters of compound follicles
cat
– hoof pads or bulbs are comparable to the
digital pads of carnivores
ruminant
at medial canthus of eye, larger in rams
than in ewes; used for marking
infraorbital pouches
– on the midline above the hoofs between
the digits of all four feet; used as trail markers
interdigital pouches
near the base of the udder or scrotum
inguinal pouches
– caudal to the base of the horn, secretion is
increased during breeding season and especially pungent in
bucks
horn glands
two glands below the tail responsible for
the bucks characteristic smell
Sub-caudal glands
on the mediopalmar aspect of the
carpus; Produce sexual pheromones, marking the
sow during mating
carpal glands
wart-like skin eminence on
the chin; has both tactile and secretory (marking)
functions
Mental (chin) glands
– in all domestic species; in the wall
of the external auditory canal; produce “ear wax”
which protects the tympanic membrane from foreign
bodies
ceruminous glands
– only in cats; in the skin
around the mouth esp the lower lip; called “cleaning
glands” but functional significance is probably for
marking
Circumoral/ Perioral glands
– secretions mix with degenerated cells
to form a substance called smegma in horses
Preputial glands
predominant in man
Restricted in the footpads of carnivores, frog of the
horse, nasolabial region of ruminants and swine, and
carpus of pig
eccrine sweat glands
Function relates to territorial markings and
thermoregulation
eccrine sweat glands
predominates in domestic
species
apocrrine sweat glands
Distributed throughout the skin, ducts open into hair
follicles
apocrine sweat glands
Can be found over the entire bodies of farm animals,
including the horse, cow, sheep, pig although sparse
sweat glands
Planum nasolabiale
cow
Planum nasale
sheep
Planum nasale
pig
is rich in protein and will foam when agitated
by working mucles.
equine sweat
term designating all the mammae in the
ruminants and the horse (sometimes in sow)
udder
the four parts of the bovine udder each
associated with one teat; all four quarters are
completely seperated from each other
quarters
– external indication of the
separation of the two halves of the udder
intermammary groove
: usually 10 mammae; 5 (4-6) mammary
complexes on each side separated by an intermammary
groove
bitch
8 mammae, four on each side of the ventral
adominal wall
queen
14 (10-18) mammae; seven on each side
Cow : 4 mammae, Two (quarters) on each side, all
bound together to form an udder
sow
: 2 mammae forming a pendulous udder
Mare : 2 mammae forming a small udde
goat and sheep
teats; usually have the same number as females
males
extra teats may or may not be connected to primary
mammary gland tissue in both male and female
accessory teats or supernumerary teats
found caudal to other four but can be between or
cranial to them
cow
if found are usually cranial to
scrotum
bullas, ram, and bucks
– extra mammae
polymastia
the mammary secretion in the first few days
after parturition; with essential nutrients and
immunoglobulins; also has laxative effect to stimulate
the expulsion of the neonates first stool (meconium)
colostrum
– inflammation of the mammary gland
mastitis
the complete emptying of a quarter;
done before treating the infected quarter.
milking out
hoofed animals, farm animals
fall in this category; Artiodactyls – even–
toed ungulates; Perisodactyls – odd–toed
ungulates
ungolates
– the visible part of the standing horse’ hoof
wall
dorsal part of wall
toe
medial and lateral wall parts
quarters
the palmar/plantar aspect of wall
heels
- the extension of the wall from the back of the
foot towards the toe; seen on either side of the frog
from the ground surface
bars
– a concave surface facing the ground between the
frog and the walls; medial and lateral angles of the sole
are located between the bars and quarters
sole
the wedge-shaped structure between the sole,
bars and bulbs; it points towards the toe; often
called the “heart of the horse foot” bec its
compression forces blood out of the foot back
towards the body; homologous with digital pads of
other species
frog
just proximal and palmar/plantar to the frog
bulbs
the junction of the hoof and the skin
coronet
junction bet wall and sole
on the ground surface of foot; external indication of
the sensitive internal structures; landmark in horse
shoeing
white line or white zone
connects the dermis to the internal
structures of the foot
subcutis
Highly vascular part of the integument providing
nourishment for the overlying epidermis (hoof)
corium or dermis
The sensitive part of the foot, it holds the hoof in place
corium
Divided into five parts: periople, coronary, laminar, sole
and frog; each has pegs (papillae)extending into the
horny epidermis except the laminar
corium
Around these pegs (dermal papillae) the epidermis
builds tubular and non-tubular horn
corium
The vascular subcutis attaches the corium to the
periosteum of the distal phalanx.
corium
– the dermis of the foot that is
continuous with the dermis of the skin; widens out over
the bulb of the heel; produce the thin , shiny, external
layer of the wall
perioplic corium
– thick band of dermis just distal to the
perioplic corium located in the coronary groove of the
hoof; provides template for tubular and non-tubular
horn of the walls bulk
coronary corium
(sensitive laminae) the dermis
connecting the distal phalanx lateral and dorsal sides to
the hoof wall; tightly binds the hoof to corium
laminar corium
– dermis underlying and nourishing the
horny sole
corium of sole
dermis underlying and nourishing the
horny frog
corium of frog
– consist of coronary and perioplic coria
and the germinal layer of the epidermis overlying these
coria
coronary band
the modified, elastic subcutis under
the coronary band
coronary cushion
Part of integument overlying the dermis
epidermis or hoof
the light band marking the
junction bet the hoof and skin
perioplic epidermis
– middle highly keratinized hoof
wall layer extending distally from the coronary corium
that nourishes it; forms the bulk of the wall of the hoof
coronary epidermis
– inside layer of the hoof,
interdigitates with the laminae of the dermis
laminar epidermis
more elastic and not fully keratinized,
wavy and softer
frog epidermis
– layer of connective tissue joining the dermis
to the coffin bone, cartilages of the hoof and tendons
subcutis
– wedge-shaped mass of white classic
fibers and fat overlying the frog and attaching to the
cartilage of the hoof
digital cushion
– two soft prominences behind and above the frog;
with the frog they form the pad of the horse
bulb
the angle of foot in relation to ground
surface
foot/hoof axis
– angle of proximal phalanx with relation to
the ground
pastern axis
– should be equal and form a
continuous line; broken foot-pastern axis manipulated
by horseshoers
foot/hoof pastern axis
– foot with equal length to the medial and
lateral quarters and heels
level foot
dorsal angle to
the ground of 60˚ or greater
Club foot, steep foot or upright foot
less than 45˚
low foot or sloping foot
when foot and pastern axis are not the
same from lateral view; increases stress on distal limb;
corrected by shoeing
broken foot
– broken foot-pastern axis in which the foot
axis is steeper than the pastern axis
coon foot
– with swelling on the dorsal coronet may
be due to tear of the extensor tendon’s attachment to
the extensor process of the distal phalanx or to low
ringbone
buttress foot
– with little concavity to the sole
flat foot
flat foot due to rotation of the distal
phalanx pushing down on the sole
dropped foot
inflammation of the laminae of
the foot
laminitis or founder
– a foot with lower quarter than the
opposite foot
off-level foot
a separation of the epidermal and the
dermal laminae; often due to chronic laminits
seedy toe
a drainage tract up the dermal laminae and
out the skin above the coronet; result of an infection of
a crack in a white line
gravel
– a bruise/contusion of the medial angle of the
sole
corn
a degenerative condition of the frog or lateral
angles of the hoof asso with filth resulting in black
necrotic material
thrush
a foot that is narrower than normal
in its palmar/plantar aspect
Contracted heels
lameness due to chronic contracted heels
hoof bound
chronic inflammation of the lateral cartilages
of the hoof characterized by the draining tracts just
proximal to the hoof
quittor
– dry feet with cracks in the hoof wall
brittle feet
breaks in the hoof wall starting from the ground surface
or the coronary border.
Toe crack, quarter crack and heel crack (sand cracks) –
the epidermis of the wall, sole and heels are
similar to the horse except they have no frog, bars or
secondary laminae
hooves
the sensitive vascular layer
underlying the hoof consisting of perioplic, coronary,
laminar, sole and bulb dermis
dermis or corium
the space between the two hooves
interdigital cleft
highly keratinized cushions on the
palmar/plantar aspect of the foot
hoof pads or bulbs
– inflammation of ruminants foot
foot rot
– separation of hoof wall, often following
drying of the hoof
hoof cracks
wet inflammation of the
interdigital cleft
interdigital dermatitis
proliferation of tissue in the
interdigital cleft often associated with foot rot and
interdigital dermatitis
interdigital fibromas
possible and often done in ox
removal of a digit
a bony core that
projects from the frontal bone of the skull
formed over the cornual process
– a ring of soft horn that covers the surface of
the horn at the base and extends toward the apex of
the horn; marks the transition between skin and horn
espikeras
The age of the animal may be estimated by counting
the
rings on horns
ruminants that lack horns
polled
the horns are located at the caudolateral end
of head
cattle
horn are located behind the orbits
sheep and goat
– the grooves (cornual rings)
on the external surface of the horns; caused by slowing
of growth near the end of gestation and during
lactation; a rough estimate can be made of a cows age
pregnacny grooves in cow
– sheep and goat; circumferential grooves
on the horn; more distinct than in cow, 9-12 are
produced per year
cornual rings
can be accomplished by destroying the
corium when only buttons (horn bud) are present in
young animal between 5-10 days old
dehorning
– as soon as horn bud is palpable by
chemical means, cauterization or surgical excision of
the horn bud and surrounding skin
dehorning of calves
– use barnes dehorner or a small
saw when the horn has already broken thru the skin for
at least one inch
dehorning young cattle
– remove the horn close to the
skull proximal to the epikeras so no horn can be
produced after; use saw, horn shears or dehorning wire
dehorning adult cattle
– best done under
general anesthesia bec of hemorrhage and the
cranium under the horn buds is thin and easily
opened to the brain
dehorning of young goat
common sequel to dehorning in animals
over 7 months old when cornual sinus already
opened.
sinusitis
hornlike growths on the medial side of the horses’ limb
chestnuts
Small projections of cornified epithelium in the center of
the palmar (plantar) part of the fetlock of the horse
Ergots
