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Cardiovascular System > 3. The Heart As A Pump > Flashcards

3. The Heart As A Pump Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of resistance vessels?

A

Restricts blood flow so that blood can be supplied to harder to perfuse areas

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2
Q

Which blood vessel are resistance vessels?

A

Arterioles - able to contract

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3
Q

What are capacitance vessels ?

A

Can Vary the amount of blood being pumped around the body

- act as storage

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4
Q

At rest where is most the blood going?

A

Gut

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5
Q

Which is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery

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6
Q

What are the names of the valves on the right side of the heart ?

A

Tri cuspid

Pulmonary

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7
Q

Which side of the heart is working under high pressure?

A

Left

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8
Q

Which side of the heart has a thicker wall?

A

Left

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9
Q

What is systole ?

A

Contraction and ejection of blood from ventricles

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10
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation and filling of ventricles

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11
Q

Where are the appendages on the heart?

What is their function?

A

Left an right atria

Pumps blood to the ventricles

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12
Q

What is the stroke volume at rest of the heart?

A

70ml blood per beat

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13
Q

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle?

A

Striated

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14
Q

How long is the cardiac action potential ?

A

Approx 280ms

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15
Q

How many valves with 3 cusps are there? What are they called ?

A

3

  • tricuspid
  • pulmonary
  • Aortic
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16
Q

What are the tendons called that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valves ?

A

Chordae tendinae

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17
Q

What is the function of papillary muscles & chordae tendineae?

A

Prevent inversion of valves on systole.

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18
Q

Where are the pacemaker cells?

A

Right atria

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19
Q

What is the function of the pacemaker cells?

A

Generate an action potential

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20
Q

At the AV node how long is the delay?

A

120ms

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21
Q

If somebody has a heart rate of 67 beats/min what is the total duration of one cardiac cycle?

A

0.9s

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22
Q

In tachycardia what happens to the total duration of the cardiac cycle?

What happens to systole ?
What happens to diastole?

A
  • total duration = shorter
  • diastole = shorter
  • Systole = same
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23
Q

Appox how much of the cardiac cycle is systole?

A

1/3

24
Q

Approx how much of the cardiac cycle is diastole?

A

2/3

25
Q

What is the purpose of the av node delay?

A

Stop simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles.

26
Q

What is typically the end diastolic volume?

A

120ml

27
Q

When is end diastolic volume reached?

A

After atrial contraction

28
Q

What causes the heart sounds?

A

Closing of the valves

29
Q

What makes the s1 heart sound ?

A

Closing of tricuspid/mitral valve

30
Q

What is the x descent on the atrial pressure curve?

A

Drop in atrial pressure

Caused by ventricle contraction pulling the base of the atria down, resulting in decreased pressure.

31
Q

What causes the s2 heart sound?

A

Closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

32
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

increase in pressure of aorta once aortic valve shuts followed by decrease in aortic pressure from recoiling of aorta.

33
Q

What is the end systolic volume approximately ?

A

40 ml

34
Q

What is stroke volume?

How is it calculated ?

A

Volume of blood being ejected from the ventricles each cardiac cycle.

EDV - ESV = SV

35
Q

WHAT IS THE TYPICAL STROKE VOLUME?

A

80ML

36
Q

IS ALL BLOOD EJECTED FROM VENTRICLES DURING SYSTOLE?

A

NO 40ML LEFT

37
Q

What is the s3 heart sound?

When is this normal/abnormal?

A

Sound of ventricular filling

Normal : in children
Abnormal : in adults

38
Q

When is the x descent formed in the atrial pressure curve ?

A

When the aortic/pulmonary valve opens

39
Q

When is the y descent formed in the atrial pressure curve?

A

When the mitral/tricuspid valve opens.

40
Q

What is stenosis ?

A

Valve doesn’t open enough

Flood flow obstructed

41
Q

What is regurgitation ?

A

Valve doesn’t close all the way

Causes backward leakage of blood.

42
Q

When is a crescendo-decrescendo murmur formed?

A

Aortic valve stenosis

43
Q

What are the causes of aortic valve stenosis ?

A
  • senile calcification
  • congenital bicuspid form of valve
  • rheumatic fever
44
Q

What type of anaemia is formed from aortic valve stenosis ?

A

Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

45
Q

When is early decrescendo diastolic murmur formed?

A

Aortic valve regurgitation

46
Q

What are the causes of aortic valve regurgitation ?

A

Aortic root dilation

Rheumatic fever

47
Q

In aortic valve regurgitation what happens to systolic pressure?

A

Increases

48
Q

In aortic valve regurgitation what happens to diastolic pressure?

A

Decreases

49
Q

Give 2 signs of a bounding pulse ?

A

Head bobbing

Quinkes sign

50
Q

When is a holosystolic murmur formed?

A

Mitral valve regurgitation

51
Q

What can myxomatous degeneration lead to ?

A

Mitral valve regurgitation

52
Q

What can cause mitral valve regurgitation ?

A
  • myxomatous degeneration
  • damaged papillary muscles
  • left sided heart failure
  • rheumatic fever
53
Q

What valve murmur causes a snap sound when the valve opens?

A

Mitral valve stenosis

54
Q

What causes mitral valve stenosis

A

99.9% - rheumatic fever

Commissural fusion of valve leaflets

55
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

Difficultly swallowing

56
Q

What is dyspnea ?

A

Difficultly breathing

57
Q

At a heart rate of 70bpm approx how many litres of blood is pumped per minute?

A

Approx 5L

Cardiovascular System (9 decks)

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