3. The Heart As A Pump

Question 1

What is the role of resistance vessels?

Answer 1

Restricts blood flow so that blood can be supplied to harder to perfuse areas

Question 2

Which blood vessel are resistance vessels?

Answer 2

Arterioles - able to contract

Question 3

What are capacitance vessels ?

Answer 3

Can Vary the amount of blood being pumped around the body

- act as storage

Question 4

At rest where is most the blood going?

Answer 4

Gut

Question 5

Which is the only artery that carries deoxygenated blood?

Answer 5

Pulmonary artery

Question 6

What are the names of the valves on the right side of the heart ?

Answer 6

Tri cuspid

Pulmonary

Question 7

Which side of the heart is working under high pressure?

Answer 7

Left

Question 8

Which side of the heart has a thicker wall?

Answer 8

Left

Question 9

What is systole ?

Answer 9

Contraction and ejection of blood from ventricles

Question 10

What is diastole?

Answer 10

Relaxation and filling of ventricles

Question 11

Where are the appendages on the heart?

What is their function?

Answer 11

Left an right atria

Pumps blood to the ventricles

Question 12

What is the stroke volume at rest of the heart?

Answer 12

70ml blood per beat

Question 13

What type of muscle is cardiac muscle?

Answer 13

Striated

Question 14

How long is the cardiac action potential ?

Answer 14

Approx 280ms

Question 15

How many valves with 3 cusps are there? What are they called ?

Answer 15

3

• tricuspid
• pulmonary
• Aortic

Question 16

What are the tendons called that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valves ?

Answer 16

Chordae tendinae

Question 17

What is the function of papillary muscles & chordae tendineae?

Answer 17

Prevent inversion of valves on systole.

Question 18

Where are the pacemaker cells?

Answer 18

Right atria

Question 19

What is the function of the pacemaker cells?

Answer 19

Generate an action potential

Question 20

At the AV node how long is the delay?

Answer 20

120ms

Question 21

If somebody has a heart rate of 67 beats/min what is the total duration of one cardiac cycle?

Answer 21

0.9s

Question 22

In tachycardia what happens to the total duration of the cardiac cycle?

What happens to systole ?
What happens to diastole?

Answer 22

• total duration = shorter
• diastole = shorter
• Systole = same

Question 23

Appox how much of the cardiac cycle is systole?

Answer 23

1/3

Question 24

Approx how much of the cardiac cycle is diastole?

Answer 24

2/3

Question 25

What is the purpose of the av node delay?

Answer 25

Stop simultaneous contraction of atria and ventricles.

Question 26

What is typically the end diastolic volume?

Answer 26

120ml

Question 27

When is end diastolic volume reached?

Answer 27

After atrial contraction

Question 28

What causes the heart sounds?

Answer 28

Closing of the valves

Question 29

What makes the s1 heart sound ?

Answer 29

Closing of tricuspid/mitral valve

Question 30

What is the x descent on the atrial pressure curve?

Answer 30

Drop in atrial pressure | Caused by ventricle contraction pulling the base of the atria down, resulting in decreased pressure.

Question 31

What causes the s2 heart sound?

Answer 31

Closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

Question 32

What is the dicrotic notch?

Answer 32

increase in pressure of aorta once aortic valve shuts followed by decrease in aortic pressure from recoiling of aorta.

Question 33

What is the end systolic volume approximately ?

Answer 33

40 ml

Question 34

What is stroke volume? How is it calculated ?

Answer 34

Volume of blood being ejected from the ventricles each cardiac cycle. EDV - ESV = SV

Question 35

WHAT IS THE TYPICAL STROKE VOLUME?

Answer 35

80ML

Question 36

IS ALL BLOOD EJECTED FROM VENTRICLES DURING SYSTOLE?

Answer 36

NO 40ML LEFT

Question 37

What is the s3 heart sound? When is this normal/abnormal?

Answer 37

Sound of ventricular filling Normal : in children Abnormal : in adults

Question 38

When is the x descent formed in the atrial pressure curve ?

Answer 38

When the aortic/pulmonary valve opens

Question 39

When is the y descent formed in the atrial pressure curve?

Answer 39

When the mitral/tricuspid valve opens.

Question 40

What is stenosis ?

Answer 40

Valve doesn't open enough | Flood flow obstructed

Question 41

What is regurgitation ?

Answer 41

Valve doesn't close all the way | Causes backward leakage of blood.

Question 42

When is a crescendo-decrescendo murmur formed?

Answer 42

Aortic valve stenosis

Question 43

What are the causes of aortic valve stenosis ?

Answer 43

- senile calcification - congenital bicuspid form of valve - rheumatic fever

Question 44

What type of anaemia is formed from aortic valve stenosis ?

Answer 44

Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia

Question 45

When is early decrescendo diastolic murmur formed?

Answer 45

Aortic valve regurgitation

Question 46

What are the causes of aortic valve regurgitation ?

Answer 46

Aortic root dilation | Rheumatic fever

Question 47

In aortic valve regurgitation what happens to systolic pressure?

Answer 47

Increases

Question 48

In aortic valve regurgitation what happens to diastolic pressure?

Answer 48

Decreases

Question 49

Give 2 signs of a bounding pulse ?

Answer 49

Head bobbing | Quinkes sign

Question 50

When is a holosystolic murmur formed?

Answer 50

Mitral valve regurgitation

Question 51

What can myxomatous degeneration lead to ?

Answer 51

Mitral valve regurgitation

Question 52

What can cause mitral valve regurgitation ?

Answer 52

- myxomatous degeneration - damaged papillary muscles - left sided heart failure - rheumatic fever

Question 53

What valve murmur causes a snap sound when the valve opens?

Answer 53

Mitral valve stenosis

Question 54

What causes mitral valve stenosis

Answer 54

99.9% - rheumatic fever | Commissural fusion of valve leaflets

Question 55

What is dysphagia?

Answer 55

Difficultly swallowing

Question 56

What is dyspnea ?

Answer 56

Difficultly breathing

Question 57

At a heart rate of 70bpm approx how many litres of blood is pumped per minute?

Answer 57

Approx 5L