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Cardiovascular System > 2. Haemodynamics > Flashcards

2. Haemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

What does heparin do?

A

Blood thinner

Stops blood clotting

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2
Q

What is plasma?

A

Colourless Fluid collected from unclothed blood

Contains clotting factors within it

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3
Q

What is serum ?

A

The colourless fluid collected from clotted blood

Plasma - clotting factors (fibrinogen)

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4
Q

What is fibrinogen?

A

Glycoprotein clotting factor

Helps in formation of blood clots

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5
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A

Total resistance of arterioles to blood flow

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6
Q

What determines peripheral resistance?

A

Whether arterioles are open or contracted (dilated or constricted)

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7
Q

Which areas of the body does hyper plasma viscosity impact and why ?

A

Periphery because viscosity increases where its colder.

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8
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, plasma

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9
Q

What is the most commonest cause of increased blood plasma viscosity?

A

Multiple myeloma - causes increased globulin proteins in the blood

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10
Q

What does increased plasma viscosity cause peripheral blood to do?

A

Get sludging of blood in the periphery

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11
Q

What is the name for increased RBCs ?

A

Polycythaemia

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12
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Increased red blood cells

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13
Q

What is thrombocythaemia?

A

Increased platelets

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14
Q

What is leukaemia?

A

Increased white blood cells

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15
Q

What is the name for increased platelets?

A

Thrombocythaemia

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16
Q

What is the name for increased white blood cells?

A

Leukaemia

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17
Q

When can plasma viscosity be increased In a major and minor way ?

A

Major increase - multiple myeloma

Minor increase - inflammation (increase in acute phase proteins)

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18
Q

Can plasma viscosity be used to measure inflammation ?

A

Yes as a minor increase in plasma viscosity can be caused by an increase in acute phase proteins which is an indication of inflammation.

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19
Q

What are acute phase plasma proteins? Name some examples.

A

Group of proteins that increase in response to inflammation.

Fibrinogen
Complement factors
C-reactive proteins (CRP)

20
Q

What is the most common measure of inflammation?

A

C-reactive proteins

CRP

21
Q

How does blood flow when laminar?

A

In streamlines

22
Q

In laminar blood flow where is the velocity of blood flow the greatest ?

A

In the centre of the vessel

23
Q

In laminar blood flow where is the velocity the lowest and why?

A

In the periphery of the vessel due to increased resistance from the vessel wall.

24
Q

How does blood flow when turbulent?

A

In all directions

25
Q

When does turbulent blood flow occur (5 points)?

A
  • when blood flow increases too great
  • increased resistance to blood flow
  • sharp turn
  • when blood travels over rough surface
  • when blood passes by an obstruction in a vessel
26
Q

Name a condition when the rate of blood flow becomes too great.

What happens to the direction of blood flow ?

What can be noticed clinically?

A
  • anaemia
  • turbulent
  • murmur
27
Q

What is pulse pressure ?

What is the common value?

A

Peak systolic pressure - end diastolic pressure

120mmHg - 80mmHg = 40mmHg

28
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure ?

And what is a normal value for it?

A 
MAP = 
- area under curve of one beat 
Or
Diastolic pressure + 1/3rd of pulse pressure
80mmHg + (40mmHg/3) = 93mmHg
29
Q

Below what mean arterial pressure is organ perfusion impaired?

A

70mmHg

30
Q

Is mean arterial pressure is below 70mmHg, what does this mean?

A

Organ perfusion is impaired

31
Q

What are the units of pressure ?

A

Psi

POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH

32
Q

What happens patients arteries as they get older?

A

Calcify
Loose compliance
Cant feel a pulse in them

33
Q

What sound on a stethoscope does stenosis of a vessel make make?

A

BRUIT

34
Q

What can you feel at a stenosed artery?

A

Thrill (vibration)

35
Q

What are you feeling at a pulse?

A

Shockwave arriving before blood itself

36
Q

What determines strength of pulse?

A
  • force of left ventricle contraction/ejection of blood

- pulse pressure - greater the pulse pressure, stronger the pulse

37
Q

How is a weak pulse described?

A

Thready

38
Q

How is an abnormally strong pulse described

A

Bounding

39
Q

What causes a weak pulse?

A
  • left ventricular failure
  • aortic valve stenosis
  • hypovolaemia (severe dehydration/bleeding)
40
Q

What can cause hypovolaemia ?

A

Severe dehydration

Severe bleeding

41
Q

What causes an abnormally strong pulse?

A

Bradycardia - widens pulse pressure

Low peripheral resistance (vasodilation) - hot bath, exercise, pregnancy (widens pulse pressure)

42
Q

What does vasodilation do peripheral resistance ?

A

Decrease it

43
Q

When the pulse is bounding, what happens to the pulse pressure ?

A

Widens (so bigger number)

44
Q

When the pulse is bounding what happens to the diastolic pressure?

A

LOWERS

45
Q

When does retrograde flow in the arterial system occur?

A

When peripheral resistance is high and blood bounces back

46
Q

Where in the body is arterial pressure lower than the heart?

A

Above the heart

47
Q

Where in the body is arterial pressure and venous pressure greater than the heart?

A

Below the heart

Cardiovascular System (9 decks)

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