3 Stroke Flashcards

1
Q

Stroke statistics

A
  • 5th leading cause of death in US
  • leading cause of disability in adults
  • 795,000 Americans each year, 75% first stroke, 25% recurrent
  • in US, stroke every 40 seconds and someone dies every 4 minutes due to stroke
  • 87% ischemic strokes, 13% hemorrhagic
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2
Q

ABCD2 prediction rule

A
  • age >60 years = 1 point
  • BP >140 or >90 = 1
  • unilateral weakness with or without speech impairment = 2
  • speech impairment without weakness = 1
  • > 60 minutes = 2, 10-59 minutes = 1
  • diabetes = 1

Higher score = higher 30 and 90 day stroke risk

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3
Q

CT for stroke

A
  • primary imaging for initial evaluation
  • rule out hemorrhagic stroke and may identify ischemic lesion, but may not see in early hours
  • aids in decision whether to administer tPA
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4
Q

Computed Tomography Angiogram

A
  • inject IV contrast followed by radiography

- clear images of cerebral blood vessels to see stenosis, occlusion, aneurysms, and vascular abnormalities

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5
Q

MRI

A
  • detect edema in sub-acute phase that may not be visible on CT
  • can’t use with pacemakers, some metallic implants
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6
Q

Magnetic Resonance Angiogram

A

-detect high grade atherosclerotic lesions and less common causes of ischemic stroke (carotid and vertebral artery dissection, venous thrombosis, etc.)

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7
Q

Positron emission tomography

A
  • imaging of regional blood flow and cerebral metabolism

- determine areas of tissue where ischemia is reversible

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8
Q

Anticoagulation meds

A
  • Heparin (Lovenox)

- Warfarin (Coumadin)

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9
Q

MCA stroke

A
  • most common location
  • primary motor and sensory cortices, Broca’s, Wernicke’s
  • contralateral weakness (UE and face), sensory impairment
  • aphasia if L
  • neglect if R
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10
Q

Lacunar strokes

A
  • deep branches of MCA (lenticulostriate arteries)
  • high incidence in those with HTN and elderly
  • supplies BG, internal capsule
  • contralateral weakness
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11
Q

PCA stroke

A
  • supplies occipital lobe, inferior part of temporal lobe, deep structures (diencephalon)
  • contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
  • contralateral sensory impairment, weakness
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12
Q

ACA stroke

A
  • rare due to collateral circulation provided by anterior communicating artery
  • supplies motor and sensory cortices (LE), SMA, prefrontal cortex
  • contralateral weakness, sensory impairment (LE)
  • frontal lobe behavioral abnormalities- poor judgment, decreased attention and motivation, difficulty regulating emotions
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13
Q

Watershed strokes

A
  • affect areas of brain supplies by most distal branches of major cerebral arteries
  • results from hypoperfusion (heart disease, cardiac arrest, shock, etc.)
  • proximal arm and leg weakness with preservation of distal strength (“man in a barrel”
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14
Q

PICA stroke

A
  • Lateral medullary syndrome or Wallenberg syndrome
  • supplies cerebellum and medulla
  • loss of pain and temperature on contralateral side of body and ipsilateral face
  • dizziness/vertigo
  • ataxia, diplopia, dysphagia, dysarthria
  • Horner’s syndrome- caused by damage of sympathetic trunk to vertebral bodies. Ipsilateral miosis (pupil constriction), ptosis, decreased sweating
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15
Q

AICA stroke

A
  • lateral pontine syndrome
  • supplies cerebellum, CN VII and VIII
  • ipsilateral ataxia
  • contralateral weakness, sensory impairment (pain and temperature)
  • dizziness/vertigo
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16
Q

Cranial nerve signs opposite long tract signs

A

Brainstem disorder

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17
Q

Loss of pain and temp, vibration, touch, position on different sides of body

A

SCI

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18
Q

Impairment of all sensory modalities on one side of body plus UMN signs

A

Cortical injury

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19
Q

Impairment of all sensory modalities on one side of body plus LMN signs

A

Peripheral nerve injury

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20
Q

Supratentorial

A
  • damage to cerebral cortex or diencephalon

- cognitive, judgment, affect, and/or language deficits

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21
Q

Infratentorial

A
  • damage to brainstem or cerebellum

- abnormal vitals, automatic movement adjustments, posture/gait, and/or breathing patterns

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22
Q

Thalamic pain syndrome

A
  • initially presents as numbness that turns into debilitating burning
  • may be accompanied by allodynia- pain from stimulus that would not normally be painful
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23
Q

Right optic nerve lesion

A

Blindness in R eye

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24
Q

Optic chiasm lesion

A
  • loss of temporal fields in both eyes

- bitemporal hemianopsia

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25
Lesion to uncrossed fibers from R eye
- loss of nasal field of R eye | - R nasal hemianopsia
26
Right optic tract lesion
- loss of L visual field | - L homonymous hemianopsia
27
Lesion to R optic radiation projecting directly to occipital lobe
Loss of inferior quadrant of L visual field
28
Lesion to R optic radiation in Meyer’s loop
-loss of superior quadrant of L visual field
29
Lesion to entire R optic radiation
- loss of left visual field | - L homonymous hemianopsia
30
Lesion to medial surface of R visual cortex
- loss of left visual field with macular sparing | - macular (foveal) representation extends beyond medial surface onto posterolateral surface of hemisphere
31
UE flexion synergy
-scapular retraction/elevation, shoulder abduction, shoulder ER, elbow flexion, forearm supination, wrist and finger flexion
32
LE flexion synergy
-hip flexion, abduction, ER, knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, ankle inversion, toe extension
33
UE extension synergy
-scapular protraction, shoulder adduction, shoulder IR, elbow extension, forearm pronation, wrist and finger flexion
34
LE extension synergy
-hip extension, adduction, IR, knee extension, ankle plantarflexion, ankle inversion, toe flexion
35
Muscles not involved in synergies
-latissimus dorsi, teres major, serratus anterior, finger extensors, ankle evertors
36
Modified Ashworth Scale
0- no increase 1- slight increase, catch or min resistance at end ROM 1+- slight increase, catch with minimal resistance through less than half ROM 2- more marked increase through most of ROM, but can easily move 3- considerable increase in tone, passive movement difficult 4- affected parts rigid
37
Decorticate rigidity
- LE extended, UE flexed | - lesions superior to red nucleus of midbrain
38
Decerebrate rigidity
- UE and LE extended | - lesions inferior to red nucleus of midbrain
39
Sogue’s phenomenon
-finger extension and abduction when arm is elevated above horizontal
40
Raimste’s phenomenon
-resisted hip abduction or abduction elicits abduction or abduction in contralateral limb
41
Unilateral neglect-lesion where?
Right posterior inferior parietal lobe
42
Anosagnosia- lesion where?
-right posterior insula
43
Somatotopagnosia- lesion where?
- AKA body-image agnosia, lack of awareness of body structure and relationship of body parts to one another in self or others - lesion left parietal or posterior temporal lobe
44
Gerstmann syndrome
- damage to parietal lobe in region of angular gyrus - R/L discrimination disorder - finger agnosia - agraphia (writing) - acalculia (calculating)
45
Ideomotor apraxia
-difficulty planning and completing actions on command, but can do automatically
46
Ideational apraxia
-inability to conceptualize and perform tasks, either on command or automatically
47
Spastic vs flaccid dysarthria
- spastic- loud bursts, UMN | - flaccid- soft, breathy, LMN
48
Requirements of CIMT
- 20 degrees wrist extension - 10 degrees finger extension - no sensory or cognitive deficits
49
Core Outcome Measures CPG
- FTSTS - 10MWT - 6MWT - ABC - BBS - FGA
50
10MWT
- distance walked 3 trials, average of 2nd and 3rd recorded - <0.4 m/s = household ambulatory - 0.4-0.8 m/s = limited community ambulator - >0.8 m/s = community ambulator
51
FGA
-<23/30 = fall risk
52
ABC
-<67% indicates increased fall risk
53
FTSTS
-measured from 17-18 inch chair
54
Orpington Prognostic Scale
- scores 1.6-6.8 - mild to mod deficit <3.2 - mod to severe deficit 3.2-5.2 - severe or major deficit >5.2
55
Functional Reach Test
-<15 cm = fall risk
56
TUG
->14 seconds = falls risk
57
Fugl-Meyer assessment of motor performance
- 5 domains- motor function, sensory function, balance, joint ROM, joint pain - max score 226 points
58
FIM
-18 (dependent) to 126 (independent)
59
Stroke impact scale
- 59 items in 8 domains (strength, hand function, ADL/IADL, mobility, communication, emotion, memory and thinking, participation/role function) - 0 (high impact of stroke, more impairment) to 100 (low impact, less impairment)
60
Goal attainment scale
- 2+ = goal achieved much more than expected - 1+ = more than expected - 0 = goal achieved - 1- = less than expected - 2- = much less than expected
61
Motor activity log
- interview to assess arm function | - score from 0 (never used) to 5 (PLOF)
62
Dorsolateral prefrontal damage
Dysexecutive function
63
Orbitofrontal damage
Distractible Labile Disinhibited Perseverates
64
Medial prefrontal damage
Apathetic | Passive
65
Brainstem damage presentation
Axial rigidity Early falls Early FOG Similar to PSP
66
Inferior shoulder dislocation stimulation
Supraspinatus | Posterior deltoid