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NCS Prep > 15 Pharmacology > Flashcards

15 Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Drug agonist vs antagonist

A

Agonist- mimics naturally occurring substance to stimulate a specific receptor
Antagonist- binds to a receptor without activating it to block other potential substances from activating it

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2
Q

Therapeutic index

A

Toxic dose in 50% of subjects divided by effective dose in 50% of subjects
Higher numbers is safer

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3
Q

Enteral route of administration

A

Oral
Sublingual
Buccal
Rectal

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4
Q

Parenteral route of administration

A 
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Transdermal
Intrathecal
Epidural
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5
Q

Topical route of administration

A

Creams
Ear/eye drops
Nasal sprays
Inhalers

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6
Q

Drug clearance

A

Volume of plasma from which a drug is eliminated per unit time

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7
Q

Half life

A

Time required to reduce plasma drug concentration by 50%

Usually takes 5 to be eliminated

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8
Q

Patients with decreased metabolism will have…

A

Decreased clearance
Increased half life
Increased plasma concentration

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9
Q

Most CNS medications…

A

Modify synaptic transmission

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10
Q

Anti-psychotics action

A

Inhibit dopamine transmission

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11
Q

First generation anti-psychotics

A

Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
Perphenazine
Fluphenazine

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12
Q

Second generation anti-psychotics treat…

A

Both depressive and manic states

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13
Q

Adverse effects of anti-psychotics

A 
Rigidity, tremors, muscle spasms
Long-term use = tardive dyskinesia
Orthostatic hypotension
Change in weight, glucose levels, lipid levels (second generation)
Dizziness
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14
Q

Types of sedatives/hypnotics

A

Benzodiazepines
Non-benzodiazepines
Dexmedetomidine (Precedex)

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15
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Treat anxiety, seizures, spasticity, anesthesia
Binds to GABA receptors- inhibit neuronal firing
End in -am
Estazolam
Flurazepam
Quazepam
Clonazepam

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16
Q

Barbituates

A 
Non-benzodiazepines
Promote sleep, general anesthetic
Bind to GABA receptors
Highly addictive, small TI
End in -al
Amobarbital
Phenobarbital
Pentobarbital
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17
Q

Non-benzodiazepine meds

A 
Bind to GABA to decrease arousal and increase sleepiness
Shorter duration and half-life
Zaleplon (Sonata)
Zolpidem (Ambien)
Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
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18
Q

Dexmedetomidine (Precedex)

A

Sedative in ICU to control anxiety, agitation
Binds to alpha-2 receptor to decrease sympathetic response
May cause bradycardia or hypotension

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19
Q

Most common causes of epilepsy

A

Teens and adults- head trauma

Over 65 y/o- CVD

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20
Q

Partial seizure, simple

A

Focal areas of brain

Motor, sensory, autonomic, or psychological symptoms without obvious change in consciousness

21
Q

Partial seizure, complex

A

Focal seizure activity with impaired consciousness

22
Q

Generalized seizure, simple

A

Both hemispheres

Brief LOC without any other clinical signs

23
Q

Generalized seizure, complex

A

LOC with notable clinical signs

24
Q

Generalized seizure, absence

A

Brief lapses without loss of postural control

25
Q

Generalized seizure, tonic-clonic

A

LOC with violent muscle contractions

26
Q

Unclassified seizures

A

Usually in immature brains

27
Q

First-line meds for partial seizures

A

Carbamazepine (Tegretol)
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
Valproic acid (Valproate)

28
Q

First-line meds for generalized tonic-clonic seizures

A

Valproic acid (Valproate)
Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
Topiramate (Topamax)

29
Q

Seizure meds action and side effects

A 
Blockage of voltage-gated sodium channels
Nausea
Dizziness
Poor coordination
Drowsiness/sleepiness
Diplopia
30
Q

Other meds for seizures

A

Calcium channel blockade

Increases GABA concentrations in brain

31
Q

Neurostimulant actions

A

Increase synaptic concentration of dopamine, serotonin, and noradrenaline in various areas of brain
Increases neuronal sprouting and synpatogenesis
Increase synaptic efficiency by facilitating long-term potentiation

32
Q

Neurostimulant meds

A

Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Amphetamines
Dopamine agonists

33
Q

Spasticity pros

A

Prevent muscle atrophy
Decrease edema
Prevents DVT
Decreases osteoporosis

34
Q

Spasticity cons

A

Interferes with functional mobility
Painful spasms
Impairs sleep
Causes fractures or pressure injuries

35
Q

Tizanidine

A

Centrally acting alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, decreases polysnaptic reflex activity
Used in marked muscle weakness
Side effects- hypotension, elevated liver enzymes, sedation, hallucinations

36
Q

Baclofen

A

Acts centrally, binds to GABA receptors and inhibits spinal reflexes
Used when muscle weakness not severe
Side effects- sedation, muscle weakness, confusion, dyskinesia, hallucinations

37
Q

Diazepam

A

Centrally acting, inhibits GABA receptors and pre/post-synaptic reflexes
Is a benzodiazepine
Used with painful night spasms
Side effects- sedation, habituation

38
Q

Dantroline sodium

A

Acts on skeletal muscle, prevents release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
Severe spasms and spinal cord lesions
Side effects- weakness, diarrhea, hepatotoxicity

39
Q

Clonidine

A

Decreases polysynaptic reflex activity
Used with spasticity associated with uncontrolled HTN
Side effects- orthostatic hypotension

40
Q

Gabapentin

A

Similar structure to GABA, mechanism unknown
Used in MS and SCI
Side effects- sedation, confusion, fatigue, weight gain

41
Q

Intrathecal baclofen

A

Lower doses with decreased side effects

Side effects- orthostatic hypotension, CSF leakage, sedation, loss of penile erection, local infection, pump malfunction

42
Q

Botox injection

A

Acts on neuromuscular junction by inhibiting release of acetylcholine at pre-synaptic terminal
Results for 2-6 months

43
Q

Meds for vestibular impairment

A

Sedatives- meclizine (Antivert)
Anti-emetics- ondansetron (Zofran)
Benzodiazepine- Diazepam (Valium)

44
Q

MS relapse/exacerbation meds

A

Corticosteroids (IV or oral) to decrease inflammatory response

45
Q

MS disease-modifying meds

A

Down-regulates immune response
Mimics myelin proteins to attract immune system and suppress response
Inhibits inflammatory cells
Alters lymphocytes in lymph nodes

46
Q

Parkinson’s disease meds

A 
Levodopa/Carbidopa (Sinemet)- gold standard
Dopamine agonists
COMT inhibitors
MAO type-B inhibitors
Anticholinergics
Amantadine
47
Q

Huntington’s disease meds

A

Tetrabenazine- suppresses chorea

Other meds that treat PD, epilepsy, panic/psychotic disorders to assist with managing abnormal movements

48
Q

ALS meds

A

Riluzole- only approved med

49
Q

Risks of long-term corticosteroid use

A 
Increased infection risk
Muscle weakness
Eye problems
Falls risk
Osteoporosis

NCS Prep (19 decks)

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