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NCS Prep > 1 Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience > Flashcards

1 Neuroanatomy and Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Frontal lob

A
  • primary motor cortex
  • prefrontal cortex- personality, executive functions, social behaviors, judgment
  • Broca’s area- language output
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2
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • primary sensory cortex
  • perception and integration
  • visual and auditory processing
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3
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • primary auditory cortex
  • Wernicke’s area- language comprehension
  • memory
  • identification of objects
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4
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • primary visual cortex

- visual association cortex

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5
Q

Primary motor cortex

A
  • voluntary movements

- frontal lobe (pre-central gyrus)

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6
Q

Premotor area

A
  • trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments
  • externally guided
  • frontal lobe
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7
Q

Supplementary motor area

A
  • planning of movements, initiation of movement, bimanual and sequential movements
  • internally guided
  • frontal lobe
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8
Q

Broca’s area

A
  • motor planning of speech
  • frontal lobe, usually left
  • non-verbal communication is in frontal lobe opposite Broca’s
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9
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects

- parietal lobe (post-central gyrus)

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10
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A
  • conscious processing of sounds

- temporal lobe

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11
Q

Primary visual cortex

A
  • distinguishes light/dark, shape, size, location, and movement of objects
  • occipital lobe
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12
Q

Primary vestibular cortex

A
  • processes information regarding head position and head movement
  • parietal lobe
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13
Q

Somatosensory association area

A
  • stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment
  • parietal lobe
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14
Q

Visual association area

A
  • analysis of colors and motion, visual fixation

- occipital and temporal lobes

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15
Q

Auditory association areas

A
  • classification of sounds (language, music, noise, etc.)

- temporal lobe

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16
Q

Limbic system components and function

A
  • Hippocampus
  • Amygdala
  • Hypothalamus
  • Anterior and medial nuclei of the thalamus
  • Limbic cortex- cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, uncus
  • emotions (amygdala- instincts, motivation, aggression, etc
  • memory (hippocampus)- declarative
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17
Q

Diencephalon components

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
  • subthalamus
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18
Q

Thalamus

A
  • collection of nuclei above brainstem
  • relay of sensory and motor signals to cerebral cortex
  • all sensory except olfactory, motor from cerebellum and BG
  • regulation of consciousness, arousal, and attention
  • assists in integration of visceral and somatic functions
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19
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • below thalamus
  • strongly connected to endocrine system and pituitary gland
  • maintains homeostasis- body temp, metabolic rate, BP, hunger, digestion, water balance, etc.
  • regulates circadian rhythm
  • emotional expressions (pleasure, fear, anger, etc.)
  • involved in function of ANS
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20
Q

Epithalamis

A
  • above thalamus
  • major component is pineal gland
  • secretes hormones that influence pituitary gland
  • helps regulate circadian rhythm
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21
Q

Subthalamus

A
  • below thalamus
  • part of BG
  • involved in control of movement
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22
Q

Internal capsule

A
  • axons connecting cerebral cortex and subcortical structures
  • fiber tracts separate thalamus and BG
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23
Q

Basal ganglia components

A
  • caudate
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus (internus and externus)
  • subthalamic nucleus (diencepalon)
  • substantia nigra (pars compacta and pars reticulata)
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24
Q

Lentiform nucleus

A

-globus pallidus + putamen

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25
Q

Striatum

A

Caudate + putamen

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26
Q

Basal ganglia function

A
  • regulates movement via control of sequencing, muscle tone, muscle force
  • communicates with with motor planning areas of cerebral cortex via thalamus
  • influences LMN via connections with the pedunculopontine nucleus of midbrain
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27
Q

Functional regions of cerebellum

A
  • vestibulocerebellum = flocculonodular lobe
  • spinocerebellum = vermis and paravermal hemispheres
  • cerebrocerebellum = lateral hemispheres
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28
Q

Cerebellum function and input/output

A
  • function- compares actual movement to intended movement and makes adjustments
  • postural adjustments and coordination of movement
  • inputs- mossy fibers (information), climbing fibers (timing)
  • outputs- Purkinje cells
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29
Q

Vestibulocerebellum

A
  • regulates equilibrium
  • inputs from vestibular nuclei and superior colliculus for eye and head position/movement
  • outputs to medial vestibular nucleus (VOR, eye-head coordination) and lateral vestibular nucleus, reticulospinal system, primary motor cortex (postural reactions)
  • deep nucleus = fastigial
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30
Q

Spinocerebellum

A
  • regulates gross limb movements
  • inputs from spinocerebellar tracts
  • outputs to vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts, motor cortex and red nucleus
  • deep nuclei = emboliform and globose
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31
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

A
  • regulates distal limb voluntary movements
  • motor planning, timing/rhythm
  • inputs from cerebral cortex via pontine nuclei
  • outputs to motor and pre-motor cortices via thalamus, red nucleus to activate rubrospinal tract
  • deep nucleus = dentate
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32
Q

Brainstem functions

A
  • communication pathway between cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord
  • origin of all descending pathways except corticospinal tract
  • location of CN III-XII nuclei
  • regulates cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity
  • regulates arousal and awareness through ascending reticular activating system
33
Q

Midbrain

A
  • cerebral peducles are anterior- descending tracts from cerebral cortex
  • substantia nigra = part of BG
  • red nucleus
  • superior colliculus- reflexive head/eye movements
  • inferior colliculus- relays auditory information
  • CN nuclei III, IV, V (mesencephalic nucleus)
34
Q

Pons

A
  • corticopontine tracts synapse on pontine nuclei
  • most cerebellar peduncles
  • CN nuclei V (main sensory, spinal Trigeminal, motor nuclei), VI, VII
35
Q

Medulla

A
  • pyramids are anterior- descending axons of corticospinal tract
  • olives lateral to pyramids
  • inferior cerebellar peduncle posterior
  • decussation of corticospinal and DCML tracts
  • medial longitudinal fasciculus connects vestibular nuclei and oculomotor nuclei
  • inferior olivary nucleus is deep to olive- communicates with cereballum via olivocerebellar tract when movement deviates from planned movement
  • CN nuclei- VII, VIII, IX, X, XI (nucleus ambiguus), XII
36
Q

Dorsal column- medial lemniscus tract

A
  • discriminative touch, proprioception
  • located posterior and medial
  • first order neuron- peripheral receptor to medulla. To spinal cord through Lissaur’s tract, ascend in dorsal SC
  • fasciculus cuneatus- info from upper trunk and arms (only in thoracic and cervical levels)
  • fasciculus gracilis- info from lower trunk and legs
  • second order- medulla to thalamus. Synapse in lower medulla at nucleus G or C, decussate and form medial lemniscus to brainstem
  • third-order- thalamus to cerebral cortex. Synpase in thalamus at ventrolateral posterior nucleus (VPL), ascend through internal capsule to primary somatosensory cortex
37
Q

Spinothalamic (anterolateral) tract

A
  • pain and temperature
  • first order neuron- peripheral receptor to spinal cord. Enter cord in Lissaur’s tract, synapse in spinal cord
  • second order- spinal cord to thalamus. Decussates in anterior white commissure, ascends contralaterally in anterolateral spinal cord
  • third order- thalamus to cerebral cortex. Synapse in VPL, ascend through internal capsule to primary somatosensory cortex
38
Q

Divergent pathways

A
  • slow pain
  • spinomesencephalic- turns eyes towards source of pain
  • spinoreticular- arousal, withdrawal, autonomic response to pain
  • spinolimbic- affective response to pain
39
Q

Unconscious relay tracts

A
  • sends proprioceptive information to cerebellum for adjusting movements- doesn’t go to cerebrum
  • lateral spinal cord
  • high-fidelity pathways- posterior spinocereballar, cuneocerebellar pathways
  • internal feedback tracts- anterior spinocerebellar, rostral spinocerebellar
40
Q

Lateral corticospinal tract

A
  • from primary motor cortex, SMA, other frontal and parietal areas
  • terminates at spinal gray matter
  • decussates at lower medulla and decussation of pyramids (1-2% remains ipsilateral), so it descends contralaterally
  • fractionation of movement- activate individual muscles independently of others
41
Q

Medial corticosoinal tract

A
  • from primary motor cortex, SMA, other frontal and parietal areas
  • terminates bilaterally in ventromedial gray of spinal cord
  • mostly ipsilateral, small percentage decussate in spinal cord
  • neck, shoulder, and trunk muscles- prepares postural system for intended movements
42
Q

Rubrospinal tract

A
  • from red nucleus of midbrain with inputs from cerebellum and motor cortex
  • terminates in ventromedial gray of cervical spinal cord
  • contralateral, decussates at midbrain
  • extremity muscles (especially wrist extensors), shaping the hand
43
Q

Lateral reticulospinal tract

A
  • from reticular formation in medulla
  • terminates in ventromedial gray of spinal cord
  • mostly ipsilateral
  • postural control and proximal limb musculature
44
Q

Medial reticulospinal tract

A
  • from reticular formation in pons
  • terminates in ventromedial gray
  • ipsilateral
  • postural muscles and limb extensors
45
Q

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

A
  • from lateral vestibular nucleus
  • terminates at ventral and intermediate gray
  • ipsilateral
  • facilitates extensors and inhibits flexors for balance reactions
46
Q

Medial vestibulospinal tract

A
  • from medial vestibular nucleus
  • terminates bilaterally in ventromedial gray in cervical and thoracic spinal cord
  • bilateral
  • neck and upper back musculature
47
Q

Tectospinal tract

A
  • from superior colliculus in midbrain
  • terminates in ventromedial gray of cervical spinal cord
  • contralateral, decussates at midbrain
  • turns head toward visual and auditory stimuli
48
Q

Nonspecific tracts

A
  • ceruleospinal and raphespinal tract

- enhance activity of inter neurons and motor neurons

49
Q

CN I

A
  • olfactory nerve
  • smell
  • projects directly to temporal lobe of cortex, bypasses thalamus
  • nucleus- olfactory bulb on inferior frontal lobe
50
Q

CN II

A
  • optic nerve
  • vision
  • optic nerve projects from each eye to optic chasm, from which optic radiations project to visual cortex
  • right visual field to left cortex, vice versa
  • nucleus- lateral genticulate nucleus of thalamus
51
Q

CN III

A
  • oculomotor nerve
  • eye movement- superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, inferior oblique
  • raises upper eyelid- levator palpebrae superioris
  • constricts pupil- innervation of pupillary sphincter
  • pupillary reflex- bilateral constriction
  • nucleus- midbrain
52
Q

CN IV

A
  • trochlear
  • innervation of superior oblique muscle (inferior and medial eye movement)
  • only cranial nerve to emerge from dorsal brainstem
  • nucleus- midbrain
53
Q

CN V

A
  • Trigeminal nerve
  • sensory- facial and TMJ sensation
  • motor- muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter)
  • three branches- obthalamic (sensory), maxillary (sensory), mandibular (sensory and motor)
  • jaw jerk reflex
  • nucleus- midbrain, pons, medulla
54
Q

CN VI

A
  • abducens nerve
  • innervation of lateral rectus
  • right abducens nerve palsy- right eye stays medial
  • nucleus- pons
55
Q

CN VII

A
  • facial nerve
  • motor- muscles of facial expression and eye closure
  • sensory- salivation, taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • five branches- temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical
  • nucleus- pons, medulla
56
Q

CN VIII

A
  • vestibulocochlear nerve
  • hearing and vestibular function
  • vestibular nuclei project to spinal cord, cerebellum, and nuclei of CN III, IV, VI
  • nucleus- pons, medulla
57
Q

CN IX

A
  • glossopharyngeal nerve
  • tase of posterior 1/3 of tongue, salivation, swallowing (sensation from soft palate and pharynx)
  • gag reflex (sensory portion)
  • nucleus- medulla
58
Q

CN X

A
  • vagus nerve
  • speech, swallowing, thoracic and abdominal viscera (especially heart)
  • gag reflex, say “ahh” and observe palate deviation (deviate away from affected side)
  • motor portion of gag reflex
  • nucleus- medulla
59
Q

CN XI

A
  • accessory nerve
  • innervation of SCM and upper trapezius
  • nucleus- cervical spinal cord, medulla
60
Q

CN XII

A
  • hypoglossal nerve
  • tongue movement
  • tongue protrude towards affected side
  • nucleus- medulla
61
Q

Central regulation of autonomic nervous system

A
  • solitary nucleus- convergence of afforestation information from CN VII, IX, X
  • pons and medulla- heart rate, respiration, circulation (vasoconstriction, vasodilation)
  • hypothalamus, thalamus, and limbic system- modulate brainstem control
62
Q

Sympathetic nervous system origin

A
  • pre-ganglionic cell bodies located at spinal levels T1-L2

- synapse at sympathetic chain ganglia

63
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system origin

A
  • pre-ganglionic cell bodies in brainstem and sacral spinal cord
  • synapse near target organs
64
Q

Anterior cerebral artery

A
  • superior and anterior portions of cerebrum to supply frontal lobes
  • damage = judgment, logic, personality, primary motor area (especially LE)
65
Q

Middle cerebral artery

A
  • portion of frontal lobe and lateral surface of temporal and parietal lobes
  • damage = primary motor and sensory areas of the face, UE, speech
66
Q

Posterior cerebral artery

A
  • portion of temporal and occipital lobe and deep subcortical structures (including thalamus)
  • damage = occipital lobe involvement and contralateral visual field deficit
67
Q

Cerebellum blood supply

A
  • vertebral arteries = PICA, posterior spinal artery

- basilar arteries = superior cerebellar artery, AICA

68
Q

Midbrain blood supply

A

-basilar artery- paramedian, short circumferential, long circumferential arteries

69
Q

Pons blood supply

A

-basilar artery- paramedian, short circumferential, long circumferential, superior cerebellar, labyrinthine arteries

70
Q

Medulla blood supply

A

-vertebral arteries- anterior spinal, posterior spinal, PICA

71
Q

Glutamate

A
  • serves entire CNS
  • excitatory
  • modulates synaptic plasticity
  • activation of second messenger systems
  • most common excitatory NT in CNS
  • involved in learning, memory, movement
  • excess can cause seizures and migraines
72
Q

GABA

A
  • entire CNS
  • inhibitory
  • increases sleepiness
  • decreases memory, muscle tension, alertness
  • most common inhibitory NT in CNS
  • deficit can lead to tremors, seizures, insomnia
73
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • skeletal muscles
  • autonomic ganglia
  • glands, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle
  • cerebral cortex
  • thalamus, cerebellum, pons, medulla
  • excitatory
  • muscle contraction, autonomic functions, parasympathetic functions, neuromodulation
  • main NT in NMJ
  • decreases HR
  • increases secretions and muscle contractions
  • memory formation
74
Q

Norepinephrine

A
  • smooth muscle/ cardiac muscle
  • entire CNS
  • excitatory
  • sympathetic functions
  • neuromodulation
  • flight or fight response
  • increases HR, alertness, glucose in blood stream, O2 to muscles and brain
75
Q

Dopamine

A
  • striatum, prefrontal cortex, limbic cortex, nucleus accumbens, amygdala
  • inhibitory or excitatory
  • neuromodulation
  • involvement in movement, attention, and learning
  • deficit may lead to PD
  • excess may lead to schizophrenia
76
Q

Serotonin

A
  • entire CNS
  • inhibitory
  • neuromodulation
  • mood regulation
  • appetite, sleep, muscle control
77
Q

Histamine

A
  • entire brain
  • excitatory
  • neuromodulation
  • increases wakefulness
  • increases stomach acid
  • decreases hunger
78
Q

Glycine

A
  • spinal cord, brainstem, and retina
  • inhibitory
  • inhibitory post-synaptic potential

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