12 Gait and Movement Analysis

Question 1

Percentage in stance and swing

Answer 1

Stance 62%

Swing 38%

Question 2

Weight acceptance components

Answer 2

Initial contact

Loading response

Question 3

Single limb support components

Answer 3

Mid-stance

Terminal stance

Question 4

Swing limb advancement components

Answer 4

Pre-swing
Initial swing
Mid-swing
Terminal swing

Question 5

Weight acceptance functional tasks

Answer 5

Forward progression
Stability
Shock absorption

Question 6

Single limb support functional tasks

Answer 6

Stability

Forward progression

Question 7

Swing limb advancement functional tasks

Answer 7

Foot clearance

Limb advancement

Question 8

Initial contact kinematics

Answer 8

Hip: 20 deg flex, extensors
Knee: 5 deg flex, quads
Ankle: 0, tib A and long toe extensors

Question 9

Loading response kinematics

Answer 9

Hip: 20 deg flex, extensors and abductors
Knee: 15 deg flex, quads
Ankle: 5 deg PF, tib A, long toe extensors

Question 10

Mid-stance kinematics

Answer 10

Hip: 0, abductors
Knee: 5 deg flex, quads (initially, then passive)
Ankle: 5 deg DF, PF (eccentric)

Question 11

Terminal stance kinematics

Answer 11

Hip: 20 deg ext, passive
Knee: 5 deg flex, passive
Ankle: 10 deg DF, PF

Question 12

Pre-swing kinematics

Answer 12

Hip: 10 deg ext, adductors
Knee: 40 deg flex, passive
Ankle: 15 deg PF, passive

Question 13

Initial swing kinematics

Answer 13

Hip: 15 deg flex, flexors
Knee: 60 deg flex, hamstrings
Ankle: 5 deg PF, tib A, long toe extensors

Question 14

Mid-swing kinematics

Answer 14

Hip: 25 deg flex, flexors, then hamstrings (eccentric)
Knee: 25 deg flex, hamstrings (eccentric)
Ankle: 0, tib A, long toe extensors

Question 15

Terminal swing kinematics

Answer 15

Hip: 20 deg flex, hamstrings (eccentric)
Knee: 5 deg flex, quads
Ankle: 0, tib A, long toe extensors

Question 16

Energy conservation in gait

Answer 16

Minimal movement of center of gravity
Smooth transitions of center of mass (heel, ankle, and forefoot rockers)
Trailing limb posture

Question 17

Absent heel strike at IC

Answer 17

Excessive knee flex in TSw (quad weak, hams spasticity)
Excess PF in Tsw (PF spasticity, DF weakness)
Heel pain

Question 18

Foot slap at loading response

Answer 18

DF weakness

Question 19

Excessive knee flexion/buckling in loading response

Answer 19

Quad weakness

Hamstring spasticity

Question 20

Excess PF mid and terminal stance

Answer 20

PF contracture
PF spasticity
Quad weakness

Question 21

Early heel rise in mid-stance

Answer 21

PF spasticity
Heel pain
Secondary to excess knee flexion

Question 22

Excess DF in mid and terminal stance

Answer 22

PF weakness
Knee or hip flexor contractures
Crouched gait

Question 23

Absent heel rise in mid and terminal stance

Answer 23

PF weakness

Question 24

Knee hyperextension in mid and terminal stance

Answer 24

PF weakness
PF contracture
Hip extensor weakness
Quad weakness
Quad spasticity
Impaired proprioception

Question 25

Excess knee flexion/buckling in mid and terminal stance

Answer 25

``` Hamstring contracture Hamstring spasticity Quad weakness Excess DF Knee pain ```

Question 26

Limited hip extension in mid and terminal stance

Answer 26

Hip flexor contracture Hip flexor spasticity Hip extensor weakness

Question 27

Hip external rotation in mid and terminal stance

Answer 27

Limited ankle DF mobility

Question 28

Decreased foot clearance in swing

Answer 28

Limited hip/knee flexion or excess PF | Impaired proprioception

Question 29

Circumduction in swing

Answer 29

Hip flexor weakness | DF weakness

Question 30

Hip hiking in swing

Answer 30

Compensation for lack of knee flexion and/or DF to clear foot

Question 31

Past-retract in swing

Answer 31

Impaired motor control (unable to extend knee with hip flexed) Compensation to achieve knee stability during loading response

Question 32

Hip adduction/scissoring in swing

Answer 32

Adductor spasticity | Contralateral abductor weakness (hip drop)

Question 33

Excess hip and knee flexion in swing (steppage)

Answer 33

DF weakness | PF spasticity