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Psychology > 3. Social psychology > Flashcards

3. Social psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social thinking, social influence and social relations?

A
  • Social thinking - how we think about our social world
  • Social influence - how other people influence our behaviour
  • Social relations - how we relate toward other people
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2
Q

What is an attitude?

A
  • A positive or negative evaluative reaction toward a stimulus
  • This may be a person, action, object or concept
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3
Q

With reference to the theory of planned behaviour, what does changing an attitude towards our behaviour influence?

A
  • Changing an attitude towards our behaviour influences our intention
  • Therefore changing our behaviour
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4
Q

What is cognitive dissonance?

A
  • Feeling of discomfort due to holding two opposing opinions

* e.g. smoking but accepting that it causes cancer

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5
Q

What 3 things can be used to resolve dissonance?

A
  • Change behaviour e.g. in case of smoking => quitting
  • Acquire new information e.g. seeking exceptions (“my grandfather smoked and lived to 96”)
  • Reduce the importance of the cognitions (i.e. attitudes) e.g. convincing themselves that it is better to “live for the moment”
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6
Q

What makes a persuasive messenger for changing attitudes?

A
  • Credible e.g. doctors
  • Trustworthy e.g. objective
  • Attractive

• Attention grabbing, well understood and easily remembered information

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7
Q

What does “framing” refer to?

A

Whether a message emphasises the benefits or losses of that behaviour

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8
Q

When are loss-framed messages more effective?

A
  • When we want people to take up behaviours aimed at DETECTION of health problems
  • e.g. HIV testing
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9
Q

When are gain-framed messages more effective?

A
  • When we want people to take up behaviours aimed at promoting PREVENTION of health problems
  • e.g. condom use
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10
Q

What is a stereotype?

A
  • Generalisations made about a group of people or members of that group
  • e.g. race, ethnicity or gender
  • Can be more specific such as different medical specialisations
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11
Q

What is a prejudice?

A

To judge, often negatively, without having relevant factors, usually about a group or its individual members

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12
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Behaviours that follow from negative evaluations or attitudes towards members of particular groups

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13
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Behaviours that follow from negative evaluations or attitudes towards members of particular groups

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14
Q

How have stereotypes and prejudice affected GPs taking on mentally ill patients?

A

Study showed that GPs were reluctant to take on patients with a mental health history, despite it being well controlled

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15
Q

What are schemas?

A
  • Mental or cognitive structures that contain general expectations and knowledge of the world
  • Help us process information quickly and economically
  • Facilitates memory recall
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16
Q

What is social loafing?

A
  • The tendency for people to expend less individual effort when working in a group than when working alone
  • Diffusion of responsibility
17
Q

Give examples of when social loafing is more likely to occur

A
  • Person believes that individual performance is not being monitored
  • The task or group has less value or meaning to the person
  • Person displays low motivation to strive for success
  • Person expects that other group members will display high effort
18
Q

In what gender and cultures is social loafing more common?

A
  • Stronger in all-male groups

* More in individualistic cultures

19
Q

Give examples of when social loafing may disappear

A
  • Individual performance is monitored
  • Members highly value their task goal or their group
  • Smaller groups
  • Members of similar competence
20
Q

There have been experiments in which participants have conformed to the beliefs of people around
them, despite holding different beliefs themselves. Give 3 factors that affect conformity.

A
  • Group size - conformity increases as group size increases up to 5 members
  • Presence of a dissenter - one person disagreeing with the others greatly reduces group conformity
  • Culture - greater in collectivistic cultures
21
Q

What is bystander apathy?

A

Social psychological phenomenon in which individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present

22
Q

How are people that don’t usually help in ‘bystander apathy’ affected and what are their reasons for not helping?

A
  • Sometimes physical effects e.g. sweating
  • Feelings of shame and guilt for not helping
  • Reasons include embarrassment, exposure (or ruining an experiment if that was the context)
  • Diffusion of responsibility and conformity also plays a role
23
Q

What is the 5-step bystander decision process?

A

1) Notice the event
2) Decide if the event is really an emergency (social comparison)
3) Assuming responsibility to intervene (diffusion of responsibility)
4) Self-efficacy in dealing with the situation
5) Decision to help (based on cost-benefit analysis e.g. danger)

24
Q

What did the Milgram experiment involve and show?

A
  • Learner (actor) and teacher (participant)
  • Learner was shocked every time they answered a Q wrong
  • Participant could not see, but hear the screams of the ‘learner’
  • Experiment showed that ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by an authority figure - even to the extent of killing an innocent human
25
Q

What factors influence obedience?

A
  • Remoteness of the victim
  • Closeness and legitimacy of the authority figure
  • When someone else does the dirty work (diffusion of responsibility)
26
Q

What is groupthink?

A

The tendency of group members to suspend critical thinking because they are striving to seek agreement

27
Q

What is group polarisation?

A

The tendency of people to make decisions that are more extreme when they are in a group, as opposed to a decision made alone

28
Q

When is groupthink more likely to occur?

A 
When a group:
• is under high stress to reach a decision
• is insulated from outside input
• has a directive leader
• has high cohesiveness
29
Q

What is an autocratic or authoritarian leadership style?

A
  • Leader dominated
  • All decision-making powers are centralised in the leader, as with dictators
  • Do not entertain any suggestions or initiatives from subordinates
30
Q

What is a participative/democratic style?

A
  • Favours decision-making by a group
  • Leaders gives instruction after consulting the group
  • The leader can win the co-operation of their group and motivate them effectively and positively
31
Q

What is a Laissez-Faire or “free rein” style?

A
  • Leader does not lead, but leaves the group entirely to itself
  • Maximum freedom to subordinates
  • Employee dominated leadership
32
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an autocratic leadership?

A

Advantages
• Enables quick decision making
• Clear hierarchy of responsibility

Disadvantages
• Demotivating
• Can lead to errors

33
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a democratic leadership?

A

Advantages
• Can win cooperation and motivate the team
• Can improve quality of decision making

Disadvantages
• Time consuming
• Can lead to disagreements

34
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a Laissez-Faire leadership?

A

Advantages
• Allows autonomous working
• Allows expertise to be utilised

Disadvantages
• Lack of direction
• Lack of ultimate responsibility holder

Psychology (14 decks)

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