3. Questionnaire (400-600) Flashcards
A crescent-shaped sand dune is called: a. Wind arch b. Barchan c. Arch ridge
b. Barchan
What is an elongated dune which forms at right angles to the prevailing wind called? a. Whaleback b. Longitudinal c. Crescent
d. Transverse
The wind direction of a crescent-shaped dune is from which sides? a. The two flanks b. Concave side c. Convex side
c. Convex side
What is a seif? a. Linear ridge of sand lying parallel to the wind direction b. Sand ridges along beaches c. Masses of rock left after wind scouring
a. Linear ridge of sand lying parallel to the wind direction
Which process is called saltation? a. Formation of salt in salt pans b. Salt formation in saline lakes c. Occurrence of salt in salt lakes
d. Transport of particles by wind or water
Deflation is an erosive process by which natural agency? a. Glacier b. Wind c. Wave action
b. Wind
Where will you find a pediment? a. Extensively eroded region with lowrelief b. Boulder-strewn sea shore c. Sloping plain strewn with boulders bordering a hill
c. Sloping plain strewn with boulders bordering a hill
Nunatak is the name given to which feature? a. Isolated hill surrounded by desert b. Isolated hill surrounded by an ice sheet c. Ice covered peak of a mountain
b. Isolated hill surrounded by an ice sheet
What are rivers of ice called? a. Glaciers b. Icebergs c. Ice streams
a. Glaciers
By what name is the rock debris at the mouth of a glacier known? a. Tillite b. Firn c. Moraine
c. Moraine
Drumlin is the term used for which feature? a. Drum-shaped glaciated boulder b. Elongated ridge of boulder clay c. Longitudinal glacier
b. Elongated ridge of boulder clay
Eskers are formed by which natural agency and have what shape? a. Long, steep-sided ridges laid down by glacial melt water b. Oval-shaped mounds formed by ice c. Linear ridges formed by retreating flood waters
a. Long, steep-sided ridges laid down by glacial melt water
Cirque are topographical features formed by which natural agency? a. Running water b. Cyclonic winds c. Glacier ice
c. Glacier ice
What is a steep-sided, more or less circular depression in a glacial drift known as? a. Serac b. Kettle c. Kame
b. Kettle
What is a narrow, saw-toothed ridge, formed by cirques developing from opposite sides into the ridge called? a. Horn b. Arete c. Comb ridge
b. Arete
Where can the Bernard Glacier be found? a. Alps b. Antarctica c. Andes
d. Alaska
What is a high, rocky, sharp-pointed mountain peak with the prominent faces surrounded by the glaciers called? a. Zenith b. Horn c. Crown
b. Horn
The last geological record of glaciation is found in which geological epoch? a. Pleistocene b. Pliocene c. Miocene
a. Pleistocene
Which is the largest glacier in the Himalayas? a. Siachin b. Sonapani c. Hispatr
a. Siachin
What is the name of the glacier south of the massif that has been made famous by the climbers to Mount Everest? a. Khumbu b. Rongbuk c. Zemu
a. Khumbu
Ablation in relation to a glacier refers to which process? a. Deposition of snow and ice b. Removal of snow and ice c. Retreat of the snout
b. Removal of snow and ice
Roches moutonnees is a term used in glaciology. What does it mean? a. Mound-like land form b. Boulder caught up in ice c. Zone of wastage
a. Mound-like land form
What is the region adjacent to an ice sheet called? a. Ice crevasse b. Periglacial c. Combe rock
b. Periglacial
A fertile area in the midst of a desert is called ‘oasis’. But this term is also used for which feature in antarctica? a. A rocky feature containing a fresh water lake b. A small hill from which a glacier descends c. Rock mass projecting through ice sheet
a. A rocky feature containing a fresh water lake
What is permafrost? a. Frost deposited on the ground b. Frost deposited over vegetation c. Ground that is frozen permanently
c. Ground that is frozen permanently
What is the scientific study of caves called? a. Nephrology b. Speleology c. Pedology
b. Speleology
A natural or artificial cave in which ice persists throughout the year is known by which term? a. Glacieire b. Grotto c. Kyein
a. Glacieire
What is the term for scientific studies of earthquakes? a. Seismology b. Seismotectonics c. Scientology
a. Seismology
Richter scale is used to measure what? a. Rate of mountain building b. Intensity of earthquake c. Magnitude of earthquake
c. Magnitude of earthquake
Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik Scale is used to measure which earth phenomenon? a. Magnitude of earthquake b. Intensity of earthquake c. Glacial advance and retreat
b. Intensity of earthquake
Disastrous earthquakes are numbered up to what in the Modified Mercalli Scale of earthquake intensity? a. IX b. X c. XI
b. X
What is the direction of seismic P-waves in earthquakes? a. Transverse b. Liner c. Periodic
d. Longitudinal
What is the epicenter of an earthquake? a. The centre of earthquake within the Earth b. Point vertically above the focus c. Area maximum damage
b. Point vertically above the focus
Perhaps you have ‘geyser’ for hot water in your house. But another type of ‘geyser’ occurs in nature. What is it? a. Thermal spring b. Artesian well c. Water sprouting from a fissure formed after an earthquake
a. Thermal spring
Where does the world-famous natural geyser called ‘Old Faithful’ occur? a. Rushmore National Park, USA b. Yellowstone National Park, USA c. Puga Valley, Himachal Pradesh
b. Yellowstone National Park, USA
Which is the lowest point on the surface of the Earth? a. Java Trench b. Puerto Rico Trench c. Marianas Trench
c. Marianas Trench
What is a hypsographic curve? a. Profile of elevations of the sea floor b. Profile of elevations of land above the sea level c. Profile of elevations plotted above or below a given datum.
c. Profile of elevations plotted above or below a given datum.
What is a continental shelf? a. Shallow water sea bed bordering the continents b. Slope in front of continents leading to ocean deeps c. Beach bordering sea shore
a. Shallow water sea bed bordering the continents
What are submarine canyons? a. Gashes on the sea floor b. Trenches on the continental divide c. Delta channels
d. Deep valleys cut in the continental shelf
Where do eustatic changes take place? a. In sea levels b. In tides c. In flora and fauna
a. In sea levels
Which is the highest volcano on Earth’s continental surface? a. Kluychevskoy in Kamchataka, Russia b. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania c. Aconcagua in Argentina
c. Aconcagua in Argentina
What is the name of the volcano that is reported to have been active for the last million years in 1883 erupted catastrophically killing not less than 36,000 people? a. Kilauea in Hawaii b. Stromboli in Italy c. Mauna Loa in Hawaii
d. Krakatoa in Sumatra
A volcanic neck of solidified lava stands isolated in Wyoming, USA. Name this geologic marvel. a. Aiyer’s Rock b. Cleopatra’s Needle c. Cathedral Spire
d. Devil’s Tower
A crater filling of lava whose surrounding material has been removed by erosion is known as? a. Volcanic plug (or volcanic neck) b. Volcanic neck c. Volcanic vent d. Volcanic reef
b. Volcanic neck
The ancient city of Pompeii in Italy was completely destroyed by a volcanic eruption in A.D. 79. Can you name the volcano which caused the devastation? a. Etna b. Stromboli c. Vulcano
d. Vesuvius
Where does a caldera occur? a. At mouth of an artesian well b. In a volcano c. At snout of a glacier
b. In a volcano
What is a volcanic vent which no longer ejects molten lava, but continues to give off steam and gases known as? a. Fumarole b. Caldera c. Silent vent
a. Fumarole
Volcanoes are found practically all around the globe, but there is one large region where there is no volcano. Which region is this? a. Antarctica b. New Zealand c. Australia
c. Australia
Where does the ‘Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes’ occur? a. Japan b. Hawaii island c. Alaska
c. Alaska
What is the strike of a bed? a. Trend of bed b. Horizontal trace formed by bed c. Line of intersection with the surface of the ground
c. Line of intersection with the surface of the ground
Horizontal beds strike in which direction? a. Towards the dip b. None c. East of north
b. None
What is an apparent dip? a. Dip perpendicular to strike b. Dip along the edge of bed c. Dip made by bed in random direction
c. Dip made by bed in random direction
Conjugate joints are which one of the following? a. Two sets of joints parallel to each other b. Two sets of joints nearly at right angles to one another c. Joints cutting obliquely to one another
b. Two sets of joints nearly at right angles to one another
What type of structure is a grike? a. Cleft in limestone pavement b. Resealed joint c. Sandstone infilling in joint
a. Cleft in limestone pavement
What is the term for a set of fractures along closely-spaced parallel surfaces in a rock? a. Rift b. Parting c. Cleavage
c. Cleavage
What is a short break in sedimentation called? a. Overlap b. Disconformity c. Nonconformity
d. Diastem
What is heterolithic unconformity? a. Sediments deposited on top of igneous intrusives b. When lower and upper beds dip in the same direction c. Due to marine transgression
a. Sediments deposited on top of igneous intrusives
When rocks on either side of a surface are not concordant it would be an unconformity of which type? a. Nonconformity b. Transgressive c. Regressive
d. Angular
If a bed of well-sorted, lithologically homogeneous conglomerate is found at the bottom of a formation lying on an eroded surface, what would that mean? a. Diastem b. Unconformity c. Disconformity
b. Unconformity
The plunge is that part of the fold where the axis is? a. Horizontal b. Parallel to the limb c. Inclined
c. Inclined
Homocline is what type of fold? a. Whose both sides are equal b. Whose one side is steep and the other horizontal c. Whose both limbs dip in the same direction
d. Whose strata dip in the same direct ion
What is polyphaser folding? a. In which two anticlines of different folds coincide b. In which the axial plane of the folds and their axes intersect in an angle c. In which antclines and synclines of different folds coincide
b. In which the axial plane of the folds and their axes intersect in an angle
A fold whose limbs close at the bottom and the stratigraphic order of the folded layers is known is called? a. Syntax b. Synclise c. Syncline
d. Synform
A fold that intersects a pre-existing fold of different orientation is known as? a. Superimposed fold b. Transverse fold c. Subsequent fold
d. All three
A fold upon which minor fold with similar axes have developed is called? a. Compound fold b. Complex fold c. Cross fold
a. Compound fold
What will be the hinge line of a doublyplunging fold? a. Curvilinear b. Rectangular c. Straight
a. Curvilinear
What is the line connecting maximum curvature of bedding plane in a fold called? a. Isocline b. Axis c. Hinge
c. Hinge
How is the axial plane of a recumbent fold disposed? a. Horizontally b. Vertically c. Towards right
a. Horizontally
What is a plunge of a fold? a. Inclination from the horizontal b. Inclination from the vertical c. Regional dip
a. Inclination from the horizontal
Isoclinal folds have their limbs disposed how? a. Irregularly b. One limb is vertical and the other inclined c. All limbs are parallel
c. All limbs are parallel
The angle between the horizontal and the axis of a fold measured on the axial plane will be termed as? a. Pitch b. Plunge c. Crest
a. Pitch
In an open fold the limbs are of what type? a. Small in size b. Spaced wide apart c. Steeply inclined
b. Spaced wide apart
What is a chevron fold? a. Fold inclined on one side b. Series of tight folds c. Fold with planar limbs and sharp angular hinges
c. Fold with planar limbs and sharp angular hinges
A small fold on the limb or hinge of a larger fold with which it is congruent is known as? a. Daughter fold b. Parasitic fold c. Epidermis fold
b. Parasitic fold
What is monocline? a. Steep angular flexure in bed b. Open fold c. Another term for recumbent fold
a. Steep angular flexure in bed
What type of a fold is caused by intrusion which domes the overlying rocks? a. Drag b. Box c. Diastem
d. Diaper
What is the term for a synclinal structure of regional extent composed of smaller folds? a. Synform b. Syneclise c. Synclinorium
c. Synclinorium
What is a slickenside? a. A type of fold fault b. Any type of grooved surface c. Collapse of a hill slope
d. Lineated fault surface
A fault on which the hanging wall appears to have moved upward relative to the footwall is called? a. Pivot fault b. Reverse fault c. Oblique fault
b. Reverse fault
A fault in which movement is dominantly horizontal is known as? a. Transverse fault b. Normal fault c. Tear fault
c. Tear fault
What is a fault on which there is increasing separation or offset along the strike known as? a. Wrench fault b. Oblique fault c. Pivot fault
d. Scissor fault
What is a step fault? a. Fault zone of several faults b. Parallel, closely spaced system of faults c. Fault exposed in a gorge
b. Parallel, closely spaced system of faults
A fault dipping at more than 45 described as? a. Reverse fault b. Overthrust c. Strike-slip fault
a. Reverse fault
An elongated trough bounded on both sides by high angle normal faults that dip towards the interior of the trough is known as? a. Grisen b. Transverse fault c. Longitudinal crustal fault
d. Graben
A low-angle fault dipping less than 45 reverse fault where hanging wall overhangs the footwall is termed as? a. Reverse fault b. Klippe c. Thrust
c. Thrust
A sheet-like allochthonous rock unit which has moved on a predominantly horizontal surface is called? a. Nappe b. Overburden c. Transverse sheet
a. Nappe
What is a fenster? a. A thrust sheet that displays the rocks beneath it b. Opening under a natural bridge of hard rocks c. Body of water surrounded by ice
a. A thrust sheet that displays the rocks beneath it
What is the Main Boundary Thrust? a. Tectonic feature separating Himalayas from the Tibetan plateau b. Reverse fault separating Outer from Lesser Himalayas c. Reverse fault separating the Higher from Lesser Himalayas
b. Reverse fault separating Outer from Lesser Himalayas
What is a rift valley? a. Valley gouged out by a glacier b. An elongated trough of regional extent bounded by faults c. Deep gorge formed by an antecedent river
b. An elongated trough of regional extent bounded by faults
The most remarkable rift valley occurs in which part of the globe? a. Colorado Plateau in USA b. Rhine Valley in Europe c. Midland Valley in Great Britain
d. Northeast Africa
A syneclise is what type of structure? a. Broad, regional depressed structure b. Composite synclinal structure c. Contemporaneously deposited sedimentary structures
a. Broad, regional depressed structure
Possibly the longest, still active and most famous wrench-fault traced so far occurs where? a. Alpine fault in New Zealand b. Great Glen fault in Scotland c. Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone of Tibet
d. San Andreas fault of North America
Dip of a fault plane is the one that makes in respect to what? a. Its vertical surface b. Its inclined surface c. Its horizontal surface
c. Its horizontal surface
Taphrogeny is a term used for which phenomenon? a. Manner of burial and origin of biologic remains b. Formation of a rift c. Formation of a lava flow
b. Formation of a rift
Hanging wall is to be found on which side of a faulted block? a. Downthrow b. Upthrow c. Dip side
a. Downthrow
A graben is a crustal unit of what type? a. Crustal block is upthrown between two parallel faults b. Crustal block is downthrown between two parallel faults c. When one set of strata ride over another set
b. Crustal block is downthrown between two parallel faults
Which is the most famous strike-slipfault system in the world a. Alpine fault of New Zealand b. Great Glen fault of Scotland c. San Andreas fault of California
c. San Andreas fault of California
Which fossils are indicative of changes in rotation rates of the Earth? a. Corals b. Bryozoan c. Foraminifers
a. Corals
Leonardo da Vinci is famous for painting the immortal Mona Lisa. He is also known for making some basic geologic observations. Which one of the following can be attributed to him? a. Stratigraphic significances of fossils b. Fossils were living organisms in the past c. Fossiliferous strata were once in water
b. Fossils were living organisms in the past
What is a mound-like reef mass of rock built by sedentary organisms called? a. Biolithe b. Bioglyph c. Biostrome
d. Bioherm
Which is the term used to describe morphological similarities shown by genetically distinct members of the same fossil phyla? a. Homomorphy b. Homeomorphy c. Paramorphy
b. Homeomorphy
The earliest record of life comes from which geological age? a. Archean b. Paleoproterozoic c. Mesoproterozoic
a. Archean
Which of the following are animal fossils? a. Stomatolith b. Stromatopora c. Stromatolites
b. Stromatopora
What are acritarchs? a. Spores of ferns b. Type of foraminifers c. Ooliths with radiating structures
d. Small microfossils of unknown affinity
What type of fossils are known as incertae sedis? a. Introduced later in sediments b. Whose stratigraphic position is unknown c. Whose classification is uncertain
c. Whose classification is uncertain
Inchnology deals with which branch of paleontology? a. Dubiofossils b. Trace fossils c. Fossils of ferns
b. Trace fossils
What is an index fossil? a. Characteristic of a stratigraphic unit b. That identifies a stratum c. Found in abundance in an area
a. Characteristic of a stratigraphic unit
What is a named group of organism of any rank called? a. Phylum b. Biota c. Class
d. Taxon
Coprolites are fossils of what? a. Worms b. Faecal matter c. Fishes
b. Faecal matter
It is not possible to find fossils in which one of the following rocks? a. Arkose b. Marl c. Phyllite
d. Dunite
What are the types of organisms that form reefs? a. Algae b. Fungi c. Ferns
a. Algae
Actual remains of extinct insects occur in which fossil material? a. Tufa b. Shale c. Halite
d. Amber
What is the name given to accumulated skeletal material present at the site of burial? a. Derived fossils b. Remanie fossils c. Zone fossils
b. Remanie fossils
Which of the following among the ancient animal forms still survives today and has not become extinct to be found only as fossils? a. Graptolites b. Trilobites c. Foraminifera
c. Foraminifera
Entire bodies, including soft parts, of extinct species of mammoths have been found where? a. Antarctic glaciers b. Arctic Greenland c. Northern Siberia
c. Northern Siberia
Soft parts are rarely preserved in the geological record, but exquisitely preserved remains of jellyfishes and worms have been found in which rocks and where? a. Middle Cambrians shales, Derbyshire, UK b. Hermit Shale, Permian, USA c. Chalk of UK
d. Middle Cambrian Shales, British Columbia, Canada
Many organisms get fossilized by replacement of the original mineral substance with another. What is this process called? a. Petrification b. Carbonization c. Calcification
a. Petrification
The science of paleogrostology deals with what subject? a. Study of fossil grasses b. Study of fossil spores c. Study of fossil ferns
a. Study of fossil grasses
In paleontology, the discipline of paleoichthyology covers the study of what? a. Fossil worms b. Fossil fishes c. Fossil traces
b. Fossil fishes
Paleopalynology is the study of what fossils? a. Leaves and stems b. Pollens and spores c. Flowers
b. Pollens and spores
Which is the phylum that contains the largest number of known species? a. Arthropoda b. Protozoa c. Mollusca
a. Arthropoda
Which is an important group of fossils that act as zone fossils for stratigraphic correlation on virtually world-wide scale? a. Bryozoan b. Radiolaria c. Coelentrata
d. Foraminifera
Which of the following invertebrate class of animals has ceased to exist and is found only as fossils? a. Protozoa b. Echinoderms c. Brachiopods
d. Trilobites
Raminafera are assigned to which phylum? a. Porifera b. Protozoa c. Annelida
b. Protozoa
The earliest fossils of foraminifers were recorded from which stratigraphic unit? a. Neoproterozoic b. Lower Cambrian c. Upper Cambrian
c. Upper Cambrian
For what is the Ediacara Formation of Australia famous? a. Largest assemblage of marine fossils b. Discovery of Precambrian trilobites c. Assemblage of metazoan fossils
c. Assemblage of metazoan fossils
When did the trilobites disappear from the geological record? a. Carboniferous b. Cretaceous c. Triassic
d. Permian
The posterior part of an exoskeleton of a trilobite is known as what? a. Cephalon b. Pygdium c. Telson
b. Pygdium
Which one of the following fossil groups is bivalve? a. Trilobite b. Gastropod c. Brachiopod
c. Brachiopod
Which one of the mollusks is a bivalve? a. Cephalopod b. Beleminite c. Nautolid
d. Lamellibranch
What is the name given to the apical part of a beleminite? a. Protoconch b. Teleconch c. Phragmacone
a. Protoconch
Which class of Mollusca is spiral in shape with an apex? a. Amphineura b. Scaphopoda c. Cephalopoda
d. Gastropoda
Which class of mollusks is coiled in shape? a. Lamellibranchita b. Ammonoidea c. Nautiloidea
b. Ammonoidea
A cephalopod which is coiled like a screw is described by which term? a. Evolute b. Brevicone c. Conispiral
c. Conispiral
In which invertebrates would you find a part known as taxodont? a. Mollusk b. Nautiloids c. Porifers
a. Mollusk
You would find the term ‘phragmocone’ in the description of which fossils? a. Ammonites b. Brachiopods c. Ostracods
a. Ammonites
Which is the characteristic property of the group Brachiopoda? a. Coiled shells b. Bivalve shells c. Absence of septa
b. Bivalve shells
In which stratigraphic horizon are the first brachiopod fossil found? a. Neoproterozoic b. Cambrian c. Ordovician
b. Cambrian
Lamellibranchs are a class of which group of animals? a. Mollusca b. Crustacia c. Onychophora
a. Mollusca
A lamellibranch with one muscle scar to each valve is called? a. Anisomyrian b. Dimyarian c. Isomyrian
d. Monomyarian
Conodonts are considered fossils of which part of animals? a. Jaws b. Teeth c. Vertebrae
b. Teeth
Ammonites became extinct in which geological age? a. Permian b. Triassic c. Jurassic
d. Cretaceous
The earliest geological record of a scaphopod is from which period? a. Ordovician b. Silurian c. Devonian
c. Devonian
Ostrocods belong to which phylum? a. Chordata b. Arthropoda c. Brachiopoda
b. Arthropoda
Graptolites were what type of organism? a. Colonial with one or more branches b. With segmented body c. Star-shaped
a. Colonial with one or more branches
Graptolite fossils are found in which stratigraphic range? a. Cambrian-Ordovician b. Ordovician-Silurian c. Cambrian-Devonian
c. Cambrian-Devonian
Fossil fishes belong to which phylum? a. Mollusca b. Porifera c. Annelida
d. Chordata
To which classification does a fossil fish belong which has incompletely ossified exoskeleton? a. Selachii b. Dipnoi c. Ganoids
b. Dipnoi
Family Equidae includes fossils of which animal? a. Dog b. Rodent c. Giant pig
d. Horse
The very famous Jurassic Archeopteryx is a fossil of which animal? a. Reptile b. Bird c. Horse
b. Bird
Stegodon Ganesa is the fossil of which animal? a. Tiger b. Camel c. Elephant
c. Elephant
The greatest modern site for hominid research on the globe is situated where? a. Caves in Northern China b. Piltdown in England c. Kenyan part of Great Valley Rift
c. Kenyan part of Great Valley Rift
Ramapithecus is an important hominid fossil. What is its stratigraphic range? a. Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene b. Lower Miocene-Lower Pliocene c. Lower Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene
a. Upper Miocene-Lower Pliocene
The oldest hominid fossils found are how old? a. 85 million b. 65 million c. 55 million
c. 55 million
What is the earliest known member of the human lineage discovered so far? a. Ardipithecus b. Australopithecus c. Sinathropus
a. Ardipithecus
Dinosaurs belong to which class of animals? a. Aves b. Reptilian c. Amphebia
b. Reptilian
Dinosaurs characterized by a double row of plates and spines on the back and tail belong to which suborder? a. Archosauria b. Taptosauria c. Lepidosauria
d. Stegosauridae
Who was the person who formally coined the term ‘dinosaur’? a. Richard Owen b. Professor Plot c. William Saul
a. Richard Owen
What is the meaning of the word ‘dinosaur’? a. Terrible reptile b. Gigantic lizard c. Long-necked lizard
d. Terrible lizard
The oldest dinosaur fossil in the world was discovered from which geological horizon? a. Late Carboniferous b. Late Permian c. Middle Triassic
c. Middle Triassic
Which was the largest known dinosaur at 25-28 meters length? a. Suprasaurus b. Ultrasaurus c. Diplodocus
c. Diplodocus
Which is the smallest known dinosaur at about the size of a chicken? a. Archaeopteryx b. Compsognathus c. Seismosaurus
b. Compsognathus
Dinosaurs are reported to have become extinct how many million years ago? a. 120 b. 100 c. 88
d. 65
The first dinosaur remains were reported from strata how many million years back? a. 320 b. 270 c. 230
c. 230
A dinosaur fossil park designated a World Heritage Site has been established where in the world? a. Saketi in Himachal Pradesh b. Alberta, Canada c. Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, USA
b. Alberta, Canada
What is the name of the dinosaur made famous by Steven Spielberg’s film Jurassic Park? a. Barapasaurus b. Kotasaurus yamanpalliensis c. Alwlkeria malerinsis
d. Tyrannosaurus rex
What is the theory propounded by the Nobel-prize winning American physicist Luis Alvarez and his geologist son Walter about the cause of sudden extinction of dinosaurs? a. Asteroid impact b. Volcanic eruption c. Global forest fire
a. Asteroid impact
Paleopalynology is a branch of paleobotany dealing with what? a. Pollen grains and spores b. Ferns and lichens c. Stems and roots
a. Pollen grains and spores
When did fossil plants first appear in the geological record? a. Upper Ordovician b. Lower Silurian c. Upper Silurian
c. Upper Silurian
What was the earliest eukaryotic organism widespread in the Proterozoic? a. Chroococus b. Tawuia c. Conophyton
d. Chuaria
When did flowering plants first appear in the geological record? a. Triassic b. Jurassic c. Cretaceous
c. Cretaceous
Fossils of leaves are generally recorded as? a. Traces b. Impressions c. Actual petrified remains
b. Impressions
A plant body without differentiation into root, stem and leaf is known as? a. Filament b. Membrane c. Bark
d. Thallus
Bryophytes are fossils of which plants? a. Ferns b. Moss c. Algae
b. Moss
Plant fossils containing tissues consisting of xylem and phloem belong to which plant division? a. Filamentous b. Seedless c. Multicellular
d. Vascular
What is the term for fossil fern plants? a. Spermatophytes b. Bryophytes c. Pteridophytes
c. Pteridophytes
Fossils of angiosperms appear first in rocks of which geologic age? a. Upper Jurassic b. Lower Cretaceous c. Upper Cretaceous
b. Lower Cretaceous
The well-known Gondwana fossil Glossopteris is leaf of which group of plants? a. Cycadeles b. Ferns c. Gymnosperms
b. Ferns
Another important Gondwana leaf fossil is named as? a. Belemnopteris b. Gangamopteris c. Pterygospermum
b. Gangamopteris
The Gondwana fossil Vertebraria is believed to be which part of a plant? a. Leaf b. Branch c. Root
d. Stem
What is the scientific term for trace fossils? a. Paleofossils b. Ichnofossils c. Ichthyfossils
b. Ichnofossils
Hyporelief is the term used to describe which type of trace? a. Semi-relief on the upper surface b. Semi-relief on the sole c. Relief within the host sediment
b. Semi-relief on the sole
What role does actuopaleontology play in trace fossil studies? a. Provides means of relating a trace fossil to a particular animal b. Helps in study of ichnofossil assemblages c. Gives proof of biological activity
a. Provides means of relating a trace fossil to a particular animal
Structure filled within the host sediment is called what? a. Endogenic b. Exogenic c. Intergenic
a. Endogenic
Traces occurring within the casting medium are known as? a. Epichnia b. Hypichnia c. Exichnia
d. Endichnia
Tracks, trails, or burrows made by vagile animals during locomotion are described as? a. Domichnia b. Fodinichia c. Rapichnia
c. Rapichnia
Cubichina is a category of trace fossils made by organisms while they are engaged in which activity? a. Resting b. Feeding c. Moving
a. Resting
A sedimentary structure left by a living organism, both fossil and living, is known as? a. Cryptozoan b. Lebensspur c. Zoophyte
b. Lebensspur
Bioturbation structure is what kind of trace fossil? a. Formed by boring animals b. Impression left by moving leaves c. Made by churning of water by fishes
a. Formed by boring animals
Cruziana is the trace formed by which animal? a. Ammonite b. Gastropod c. Trilobite
c. Trilobite
What was the name of the scientist who coined the term ‘stromatolite’? a. M. R. Walter b. J. Bertrand-Sarfari c. H. J. Hofmann
d. E. Kalkowsky
Stromatolites are what type of structures? a. Sedimentary b. Organo-sedimentary c. Metasedimentary
b. Organo-sedimentary
What are cyanobacteria? a. Blue-green algae b. Parasitic plants c. Filamentous plants
a. Blue-green algae
The oldest stromatolites are known to occur from where? a. Bijawar Group of India b. Bulawayan Group of Zimbabwe c. Gun Flint formation of Ontario
b. Bulawayan Group of Zimbabwe
Which is the famous locality where stromatolites can be seen in the process of formation even today? a. Yellowstone Park b. Lake Baikal, Russia c. Chilka Lake, Orissa
d. Shark Bay Western Australia
Collenia is a commonly found stromatolite. What does it look like? a. Branching columns b. Concentric c. Wavy laminae
c. Wavy laminae
Cryptozoan was first reported from the Son Vindhyan by a famous geologist. What was his name? a. T. Oldham b. H. B. Medlicott c. F. R. Mallet
d. J. B. Auden
Which of the following is an example of branching stromatolite? a. Stratifera b. Colonnella c. Baicalia
c. Baicalia
Which is the structure morphologically very similar to stromatolites but is abiogenic? a. Cabonado b. Geyserite c. Speleothem
b. Geyserite
Modern-day algal stromatolite mats are found in which area? a. Great Barrier Reef b. Off Fiji c. Off Nancowry Island
d. Off Bermuda
