2. Questionnaire (200-400) Flashcards
What is barysphere? a. Land surface beneath the atmosphere b. The Earth’s mantle c. The Earth’s core
d. Entire interior of the Earth beneath the lithosphere
What is the average thickness of the continental crust? a. 20-25 km b. 30-40 km c. 45-50 km
b. 30-40 km
Which is the largest component of the Earth’s crust? a. Alumina b. Iron oxide c. Silica
c. Silica
What is core of the Earth made of? a. Iron-magnesium silicate b. Solid nickel-iron c. Liquid iron-nickel
b. Solid nickel-iron
What is the name of the instrument for measuring the angle between an inclined surface and the horizontal surface called? a. Clinometer b. Clinocompass c. Clinorule
a. Clinometer
The total land surface of the Earth is what percentage of the surface area of the globe? a. About 20 b. About 25 c. About 30
c. About 30
Wearing away of land by various natural agencies comes under the ambit of… a. Corrosion b. Attrition c. Degradation
d. Denudation Denudation-from the latin denudare, to strip bare, and involving the processes of weathering, transportation and erosion.
The oldest rocks are dated from about? a. 3.5 billion years b. 4 billion years
d. 4.6 billion years “b. 4 billion years Remember that the question is referring to the ““oldest rocks”” not a specific rock”
What is the percentage of non-sedimentary rocks on the Earth’s surface? a. 10 b. 25 c. 50
b. 25
Which is the most common mineral in the Earth’s crust? a. Quartz b. Mica c. Amphibole
d. Feldspar
Which is most abundant economic element in the Earth’s crust? a. Iron b. Aluminum c. Manganese
b. Aluminum
But for this geologic material the present day IT (Information Technology) revolution would not have been possible. Name it. a. Selenium b. Radium c. Silicon
c. Silicon
What is magma? a. Lavas spewed out of volcanoes b. Granite melt c. Molten silicate fluid in the Earth’s crust
c. Molten silicate fluid in the Earth’s crust
Hydrosphere is which part of the Earth? a. Entire body of water on the surface b. Body of water under the lithosphere c. Water bodies on land
a. Entire body of water on the surface
The branch of science concerned with the shape and size of the Earth, its gravitational field and location of fixed points is called… a. Geophysics b. Geodesy c. Geonomy
b. Geodesy
Aerolite, siderolite and siderites are terms used for which celestial objects that strike the Earth from time to time? a. Comets b. Asteroids c. Meteorites
c. Meteorites
For dating of rocks potassium-40-decays to argon-40 with a half-life of how many billion years? a. 4.5 b. 5.0 c. 2.5
d. 1.3
Rubidium-strontium method is used for which measurement in geology? a. Rock erosion b. Geologic time c. Deposition of sediments
b. Geologic time
Fission-track method is used for what purpose? a. Dating of minerals b. Identification of micas c. Dating of rocks
a. Dating of minerals
For what are isotopes of an element used in geology? a. In analysis of minerals b. In radioactive dating c. In stratigraphic analysis
b. In radioactive dating
What is a non-igneous rock surrounded by an igneous intrusion called? a. Bedrock b. Solid rock c. Basement rock
d. Country rock
What is a geological ‘envelope’? a. Country rock b. Metamorphic aureole c. Crystalline core of a sedimentary rock fold
c. Crystalline core of a sedimentary rock fold
What was the name of the project of drilling through the earth’s crust? a. Mohole project b. Big hole project c. Challenger deep sea project
a. Mohole project Project Mohole: was an attempt in the early 1960s to drill through the Earth’s crust to obtain samples of the Mohorovi i discontinuity Big hole project: This hole, now filled partly with water, is the remains of an early diamond mine in a kimberlite Challenger deep sea project (Deep sea challenger): James Cameron successfully piloted the DEEPSEA CHALLENGER-outfitted for scientific exploration-to the ocean’s deepest point, where he collected samples and documented the experience in the high-resolution 3-D for which he’s known globally.
What is a craton? a. Part of Earth’s crust consisting of a stable mass of rock b. Stable mass of rock in a volcanic project c. Part of Earth’s crust subject to earthquakes
a. Part of Earth’s crust consisting of a stable mass of rock
What is Mohorovicic Discontinuity a. Interface between the upper and lower mantles b. Layer between mantle and core c. Separation between crust and mantle
c. Separation between crust and mantle
Seismic evidence marks Conrad Discontinuity between what? a. The continental slope and the sea bed b. The upper and the lower crust c. The upper and the lower core
b. The upper and the lower crust
A line joining points of equal time intervals or ages is known as… a. Isobar b. Isochron c. Isogal
b. Isochron Isobar: similar pressure Isochron: Age Isogal: gravitational acceleration Isopach: equal thickness Isotherm: same temperature Isograd: metamorphic grade is the same Isobath: equal depth under water Isobathytherm: A line representing depths of water with equal temperature. Isochasm: A line representing points of equal recurrence of auroras.
The first proof of the preservation of oxygen in the rocks came from which geological record? a. Archaean b. Proterozoic c. Cambrian
b. Proterozoic
Solifluction is the term for what process? a. Movement of soil due to alternate freezing and thawing b. Downhill of rock due to rains c. Formation of sinkholes in limestones
a. Movement of soil due to alternate freezing and thawing
What is the petrologic name of the lower part of the Earth’s crust? a. Simetite b. Sialma c. Sialite
d. Sima
Pyroclastic rocks are considered as what? a. Igneous b. Sedimentary c. Both igneous and sedimentary
c. Both igneous and sedimentary
Pyrogenic deposition is due to which geologic process? a. Sedimentation of volcanic ejectment b. Welding of pyroclasts c. Magmatic process
c. Magmatic process Pyrogenic: of relating to igneous origin
What is a tuff? a. Rock deposited by precipitation of calcium carbonate b. Ejected lava c. Any extra hard rock
d. Compacted volcanic ash
What was the contribution of Austrian mineralogist Friedrich Mohs to the science of geology? a. Development of goniometer b. Preparation of mineral thin sections c. Classification of crystal classes
d. Construction of a scale of mineral hardness
Edward Suess made several basic contributions to geology. He was a national of which country? a. England b. Germany c. Switzerland
d. Austria Eduard Suess was an Austrian scientist who made contributions to geology and biology. He proposed the existence of the southern supercontinent, Gondwana, which comprised today’s landmasses of the southern hemisphere, and of the Tethys Ocean, which separated Laurasia and Gondwana. Geoges Cuvier: France AG. Werner: Germany James Hutton: Scotland Harry Hess: America William Smith: England Charles Lyell: Scotland
Who was the geologist who advanced and named the ‘Theory of Isostasy’? a. C. B. Airy b. J. H. Pratt c. C. E. Dutton
c. C. E. Dutton Pratt vs Airy George Everest: The peak (Mt. Everest) was named after British surveyor George Everest in 1856.
A gravity anomaly that takes into account the effect of topography but not isostatic compensation is named after which mathematician? a. Pierre Bouguer b. E. C. Bullerd c. K. O. Emery
a. Pierre Bouguer
The Theory of Continental Drift was basically developed by whom? a. Richard Wagner b. Alfred Wegener c. F. B. Talor
b. Alfred Wegener
The theory Uniformitarianism was developed by whom? a. James Hutton b. William Smith c. A. G. Werner
a. James Hutton William Smith: Faunal succession A.G. Werner: Neptunism, proposing that rocks formed from the crystallisation of minerals in the early Earth’s oceans Georges Cuvier: Catastrophism, that the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.
The title of the book by Charles Lyell which laid the foundation of modern geology is… a. Origin of the Earth b. Understanding the Earth c. Fundamentals of Geology
d. Principles of Geology
What crucial theory of the science of geology, now a part of the theory of plate tectonics, has an Indian connection? a. Isostasy b. Geodesy c. Continental drift
c. Continental drift
Which paleontologist advanced the theory that vast areas of the Earth had once been covered by ice? a. Ferdinand Zirkel b. K. A. von Zittel c. J. L. Agassiz
c. J. L. Agassiz
An instrument used by geologists has a rotating stage. Which is it? a. Theodolite b. petrological microscope
d. sextant petrological microscope
Which of the following is NOT part of Steno’s Laws a. In an undeformed sequence of sedimentary rocks, each bed is older than the one above it and younger than the one below b. Layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position. c. Sediments would spread out until they thin out at the edge of the depositional basin, stop at a depositional barrier or grade into another type of sediment
d. Fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order. (Principle of Faunal Succession - William Smith)
These are sills that have thickened to produce domes, wherein the doming arches the overlying rocks, and consequently faulted. a. Laccolith b. Bysmalith c. Lopolith
b. Bysmalith– intrusive that has been cut by a fault Laccolith - dome like Lopolith - funnel shape Phacolith - intrusives along folds
Originally unjointed rocks such as granitoid rocks experiencing compression parallel to their length producesa thin, curved, generally convex upwards shells paralleling the topography. a. Spalling b. Exfoliation c. Unloading Joints
b. Exfoliation
First appearance of Scleractinian Corals a. Cambrian b. Silurian c. Permian
d. Triassic
It is a relatively conformable succession of genetically related strata, bounded at the top and base byunconformities and correlative conformities. a. Sequence b. Depositional System c. Systems Tract
a. Sequence Depositional System - a 3-D assemblage of lithofacies, genetically linked by active (modern) or inferred (ancient) processes and environments Systems Tract - a subdivision of depositional system. 4 main kinds, Highstand (sediment deposited during high sea level), Falling-stage (sediment deposited as sea falls from high to low), Lowstand (sediment deposited during low sea level and early rising sea level), Transgressive (sediment deposited during rising sea level) Parasequence - a relative conformable succession of genetically related beds or bedsets (within a parasequence set) bounded by marine flooding surface or their correlative surfaces
These refers to a sharp change in channel slope resulting from differential rates of erosion above and below a. Rapid b. Slip-off c. Knickpoint
c. Knickpoint
Milankovitch theory is based on 3 cyclical alterations in the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, which of thefollowing is not one of these cycles? a. Eccentricity b. Equatorial gradient c. Tilt
b. Equatorial gradient Eccentricity - (100,000 years) Tilt - also called as obliquity (41,000 years) Precession -23,000 years
Formation of incised valleys occur during: a. Lowstand Systems Tract b. Transgressive Systems Tract c. Falling Stage Systems Tract
c. Falling Stage Systems Tract
The Syn-rift deposits in offshore Northwest Palawan consisting of marine deposits are of what age? a. Eocene b. Oligocene c. Miocene
a. Eocene
It is considered as the “Age of the Fishes” a. Cambrian b. Silurian c. Ordovician
d. Devonian
What is the thickness of the outer core? a. 2900 km b. 2250 km c. 1250 km
b. 2250 km 2900 km - mantle 1250 km - inner core
The first mammals appeared during the: a. Triassic b. Cretaceous c. Jurassic
a. Triassic
The earth’s transition zone is found at what depth? a. 100 to 250 km b. 250 to 410 km c. 410 to 660 km
c. 410 to 660 km
This refers to the death assemblage where not all species present in the community are represented as fossils, and not all the fossil species within the assemblage lived in the community. a. Biocoenosis b. Thanatocoenosis c. Thaphocoenoesis
c. Thaphocoenoesis Biocoenosis - strata containing organisms that lived and were buried in the area (assemblage that contains virtually all of the species that existed when the community was alive) Thanatocoenosis -strata containing organisms that lived somewhere else and were brought into the area after death (a death assemblage where all the fossils represented existed within the community, but not all community members are present as fossils (species are missing))
Neogene is composed of: a. Pleistocene, Pliocene, Miocene b. Pliocene, Miocene c. Miocene, Oligocene
b. Pliocene, Miocene
This refers to the soil horizon which has been significantly leached of its mineral and/or organic content, leaving a pale layer largely composed of silicates. It is present only in older, well-developed soils. a. A horizon b. B horizon c. C horizon
d. E horizon - zone of eluvation and leaching A horizon - mineral matter mixed with some humus B horizon - zone of deposition/zone of accumulation C horizon - partially altered parent material
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, is succeeded by the Ordovician. This period was established by: a. Charles Lapworth b. Sir Roderick Impey Murchison c. Adam Sedgwick
a. Charles Lapworth - Ordovician Sir Roderick Impey Murchison - Permian, Silurian Adam Sedgwick- Cambrian William Conybeare - Carboniferous
States that the collision of India can explain the evolution of South East Asia a. Collision-Pull apart basin tectonics b. Extrusion tectonics c. Tapponier tectonics
b. Extrusion tectonics
What is the period of the change in the earth’s obliquity? a. 100,000 years b. 23,000 years c. 40,000 years
c. 40,000 years 23,000 years - Precession 100,000 years - Eccentricity
Refers to the sudden change in the course of a river leading to a section of abandoned channel, a section of new channel, and a segment of higher land (part of the floodplain) between them a. Aversion b. Incision c. Abstraction
d. Avulsion
It is a type of fault where the minimum stress is horizontal. a. Normal b. Thrust c. Strike-slip
a. Normal -(V- 1), (H- 2 & 3) Normal -(V- 1), (H- 2 & 3) Thrust - (V- 3), (H- 1 & 2) Strike-slip - (V- 2), (H- 1 & 3) Reverse - (V- 3), (H- 1 & 2)
Which of the following is NOT carved in Mt. Rushmore in Black Hills of South Dakota? a. George Washington b. Jimmy Carter c. Thomas Jefferson
b. Jimmy Carter
In the Philippines, there are ten individual basins that can be distinguished, the thickness of which range from 4,000 to 12,000 meters, while their surface area is between 1 million m2 and 4.7 million m2. What is the thickest sedimentary basin whose fill reaches up to 12,000 m? a. Visayan Basin b. Samar Basin c. Agusan-Davao Basin
c. Agusan-Davao Basin
Refer to various ways by which the mobile agencies obtain and remove rock debris. a. Weathering b. Erosion c. Mass wasting
b. Erosion Weathering - disintegration (mechanical) or decomposition (chemical) of rocks in response to different environments Mass wasting - downslope movement of rock/soil under the direct influence of gravity Flow - type of mass movement with very high water content (viscous)
In December 26, 2004, a massive undersea earthquake of magnitude 9.1 occurred claiming more than 230,000 lives. Where did this earthquake occur? a. Chile b. India c. Sumatra
c. Sumatra (Indonesia)
Which of the following does NOT exhibit tensional forces: a. Normal Fault b. Horse c. Both a and b
b. Horse
The average density of the oceanic crust is: a. 2.2 to 2.6 g/cm3 b. 2.6 to 2.9 g/cm3 c. 2.9 to 3.1 g/cm3
c. 2.9 to 3.1 g/cm3
The South China Sea Basin, according to Taylor and Hayes (1980, 1983) belongs to the Continental domain basin type, wherein the mechanism of opening is independent of any other processes. In this model, opening is preceded by rifting in a continental domain (typical example: Atlantic Ocean). The opening of the South China Sea started during: a. Eocene b. Oligocene c. Miocene
b. Oligocene
These are folds that do not increase in size upwards or downwards but maintain a similar shape. Individual beds thicken at their crest and thin on their limbs. a. Harmonic b. Concentric c. Similar d. Supratenuous
c. Similar Harmonic - folds that are repeated with similar shape along the axial trace Concentric - folds whose well-rounded arcs approximate half-circles so that limbs and hinges are inseperable (or they can be said to consist of hinges only) Parallel - constant bed thickness
It is a doubly pointed ventifact, having three curved faces intersecting in three sharp edges, resembling the shape of a Brazil nut. a. Dreikanter b. Einkanter c. Chankanter
a. Dreikanter - three sided Dreikanter - three sided Einkanter - one sided Zweikanter - two sided
Quaternary is approximately how many years? a. 3 million years b. 5 million years c. 8 million years
a. 3 million years
When was the 7.8 magnitude earthquake along the Digdig segment of the Philippine Fault that devastated cities in Luzon such as Baguio City a. July 1990 b. December 2004 c. June 1991
a. July 1990 December 2004 - Sumatra Earthquake June 1991 - Pinatubo eruption
It is an elongated ridge of sand that projects from the land into the mouth of an adjacent bay. a. Tombolo b. Trombolo c. Spit d. Baymouth bar
c. Spit - ridge of sand from mainland Tombolo - ridge of sand from mainland connected to an island Spit - ridge of sand from mainland Baymouth bar - sand bar that crosses a bay, sealing it off from the open ocean Barrier island - a low elongated ridge of sand that parallels the coast.
Which of the following is TRUE about faults? a. In thrust faults, the hanging wall moved down relative to the foot wall. b. In normal faults, the hanging wall moved up relative to the foot wall c. Left-lateral faults displace streams they have crossed towards the right.
d. Grabens are hanging walls and horsts are foot walls.
Which of the following is NOT a type of chemical weathering? a. Frost wedging b. Hydration c. Hydrolysis
a. Frost wedging
These are streamlined, asymmetrical hills composed of till, ranging in height from 15 to 60m and in length from 40 to 80 m. a. Esker b. Drumlin c. Kame
b. Drumlin Esker -sinuous ridges composed largely of sand and gravel deposited by streams flowing in tunnels beneath the ice near the terminus of a glacier Kame - steep-sided hills composed of sand and gravel Doline - depression in karst landscape
Sibala Formation, a sequence of basaltic to andesitic lava flows with interbeds of coarse pyroclastic rocks and fine tuff and sandstone, is the basement rock in which locality? a. Southern Cebu b. Eastern Leyte c. Eastern Panay
c. Eastern Panay -Sibala Formation Southern Cebu - Pandan Formation Eastern Leyte - Babatngon Schist Eastern Panay -Sibala Formation Antique - Antique Ophiolite
These are drainage pattern common on horizontally bedded sedimentary rocks or massive igneous/metamorphic rocks. a. Dendritic b. Trellis c. Rectangular
a. Dendritic Trellis - folded strata Rectangular - perpendicular network of streams joining at right angles (joints, faults meeting at right angles) Radial - domes, volcanoes
Start of relative sea-level fall results in subaerial erosion as rivers incise and form an unconformity. This is followed by continued relative sea level fall that deposits submarine fans at the base of the continental slope. As relative sea-level starts to rise again, rivers cease to incise, water levels start to rise in the incised valleys and shoreline sediments prograde over the top of the slope fans. As relative sea level rise increases rapidly, locus of sedimentation moves in the landward direction, coastline retrogrades and sediments are deposited on top of the previous deposits. The end of the rapid relative sea level rise is marked by surface called Maximum Flooding Surface. Which of the following does NOT describe the MFS? a. It is marked by a widespread shale deposit. b. It corresponds to a downlap surface. c. It separates transgressive units from above with regressive units from below.
c. It separates transgressive units from above with regressive units from below. - regressive (above), transgressive (below)
Which modern continents were derived from Gondwanaland? a. Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, South America b. Africa, Antarctica, Australia, North America, South America c. Asia, Antarctica, Australia, Europe, South America
a. Africa, Antarctica, Australia, India, South America
This processes refers to the deformation of the Earth’s crust, and more especially to folding and faulting. a. Geotectonics b. Orogenic c. Epeirogenic
d. Diastrophism - forces that deform lithosphere through folding, faulting, uplift, and subsidence Orogenic - associated with folding Epeirogenic - associated with uplift or depression without significant folding or fracture Diastrophism - forces that deform lithosphere through folding, faulting, uplift, and subsidence
These occur twice a month when the Earth-Moon-Sun system is aligned, thus the moon and sun’s gravitational forces on the earth is combined producing large tidal range. a. Lunar tide b. Solar tide c. Spring tide
c. Spring tide - Earth-Moon-Sun are aligned Solar tide - Earth-Moon-Sun are perpendicular
Which of the following photo was taken by Apollo 8 astronauts in December 1968 showing a breathtaking view of the earth? a. Blue Marble - Apollo 17 b. Earth Marble c. Earthrise - Apollo 8
c. Earthrise - Apollo 8 Blue Marble - Apollo 17
Body waves are waves that travel to the earth’s interior. Which of the following is a body wave? a. S-waves b. P-waves c. Both a and b
c. Both a and b
Subduction of the __________ along the Philippine Trench produced the chain of volcanoes along the Bicol Peninsula. a. Pacific Plate b. East Luzon Plate c. Philippine Sea Plate
c. Philippine Sea Plate
Which of the following will result to a relative sea level fall? a. Tectonic uplift >eustatic rise b. Subsidence >eustatic fall c. Tectonic uplift <eustatic fall
b. Subsidence >eustatic fall
What is the name of the volcano in Iceland that had an explosive eruption last April 2010 and paralyzed air transportation in Europe? a. Eyjafjallaj kull b. Sichuan c. M rdalsj kull
a. Eyjafjallaj kull
These are soils formed from the weathering of ultramafic rocks. They are confined to mainly tropical to subtropical regions. a. Red soils b. Laterite c. Regolith
b. Laterite
A geologic structure formed when erosion or normal faulting produces a hole in the overthrusted transported body where the underlying un-transported rocks crop out. a. Fenster b. Klippe c. Kenster d. Nappe a. Fenster (also called as window) a. Fenster (also called as window) b. Klippe - an erosional remnant of thrust nappe
d. Nappe - a large block that has been transported due to thrusting (allochthonous)
These are streams that carry water only in response to specific episodes of rainfall. a. Playa b. Perennial c. Phemeral d. Ephemeral
d. Ephemeral Playa - lake in desert areas Perennial - streams that carry water all throughout the year Intermittent - streams that carry water during seasonal events. During rainy seasons streams carry water but during dry season streams do not have water
The following are island arcs EXCEPT a. Japan - subduction of PSP under nankai trench and PP under japan trench b. Philippines - product of subduction of PSP under Philippine trench and EP under Manila trench c. Taiwan - continent-arc collision d. Indonesia - product of subduction of indo-australian plate along java trench e. Mindoro-Panay - arc-continent collision
e. Mindoro-Panay - arc-continent collision Japan - subduction of PSP under nankai trench and PP under japan trench Philippines - product of subduction of PSP under Philippine trench and EP under Manila trench Indonesia - product of subduction of indo-australian plate along java trench
The following are splays of the Philippine Fault in Mindanao EXCEPT: a. Mati b. Liangga c. Coastal
c. Coastal - Ilocos?
Which of the following is the best aquifer? a. Well-sorted sandstone b. Matrix-supported conglomerate c. Fresh quartz diorite
a. Well-sorted sandstone Matrix-supported conglomerate - aquiclude Fresh quartz diorite - aquifuge Carbonaceous shale - aquitard
The solar system evolved from an enormous rotating cloud called: a. Super nova b. Super nebula c. Solar nova
b. Super nebula
A stream which drain in a direction that of the original regional slope of the land a. Insequent b. Consequent c. Obsequent d. Resequent
b. Consequent Obsequent - streams on newly created slopes that flow on the opposite direction as consequent streams Resequent - streams that are carved out along newly created slopes that flow on the same direction as consequent streams Subsequent - streams that develop along lines of weakness, such as soft strata or faults along the strike of the rocks
Which of the following have the greatest velocity? a. Dunes b. Anti-dunes c. Flat Bed
b. Anti-dunes (Flat Bed-Ripples-Dunes-Antidunes)
Which of the following gets magma supply from a spreading mid-ocean ridge? a. Hawaii b. Indonesia c. Philippines d. Iceland d. Iceland - MOR a. Hawaii - hotspot b. Indonesia - island arc
d. Iceland - MOR
A geologic structure formed when erosion or normal faulting removes connecting portions of the overthrusted transported body resulting in an outlier of exotic, often nearly horizontally translated strata overlying untransported strata. a. Fenster b. Klippe c. Kenster
b. Klippe Fenster - also called as window which exposed the autochtonous block beneath a klippe Nappe - allochtonous block that has been transported due to overthrusting
It is the part of the coastal zone found between the lowest tide level and the highest elevation affected by storm waves. a. Shore b. Foreshore c. Backshore d. Nearshore a. Shore a. Shore - low tide to storm waves b. Foreshore - low tide to high tide
d. Nearshore - low tide shoreline to line where waves break at low tide
These are segmented layers that form from extension and deformation of rigid tabular pre-existing layers amidst less competent surroundings. These pre-existing layers, which may be but need sedimentary layering, begins to break up to form chunks showing flow in between them. a. Rods b. Mullions c. Boudins
c. Boudins
Which of the following is NOT true about P-waves? a. They can travel through solids, liquids and gases b. They are body waves c. They push and pull in the direction the wave is traveling
d. They vibrate the particles in a direction perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling.
The collision of India and Asia started during: a. 70 Ma b. 60 Ma c. 50 Ma
c. 50 Ma
Which of the following agents play a major role in the erosional processes in deserts? a. Wind b. Water c. Gravity
b. Water
These are veins that have different composition from the host rocks. a. Antithetic veins b. Antiaxial veins c. Dextral veins
b. Antiaxial veins
Batalay Diorite composed of andesites and dacites is found in what locality? a. Romblon b. Catanduanes c. Aurora
b. Catanduanes Romblon - Calatrava Quartz Diorite Cebu - Lutopan Diorite
These are composed of lenses of sand in a predominantly muddy matrix. a. Flaser b. Wavy c. Lenticular
c. Lenticular Flaser - lenses of mud in sand matrix Wavy - equal amount of sand and mud
Which of the following is NOT true about Deltas? a. They are roughly triangular in plan view b. They are wedge-shaped in cross section c. They are characterized by a fining upward sequence. d. They are characterized by a wide range in sizes from coarse to fine mud. c. They are characterized by a fining upward sequence. (it must be coarsening upward) a. They are roughly triangular in plan view True b. They are wedge-shaped in cross section True
d. They are characterized by a wide range in sizes from coarse to fine mud. True
The South China Sea Basin, according to Taylor and Hayes (1980, 1983) belongs to the Continental domain basin type, wherein the mechanism of opening is independent of any other processes. In this model, opening is preceded by rifting in a continental domain (typical example: Atlantic Ocean). The opening of the South China Sea ceased during: a. Eocene b. Oligocene c. Miocene
c. Miocene
S-C fabric, which is common in mylonites, in particular in phyllonites, is a metamorphic fabric formed by the intersection of shear surfaces within rocks affected by dynamic metamorphism. C-surfaces are parallel to the margin of the shear surface, whilst S-surfaces on the other hand, are oblique to the surface and are interpreted to lie in the XY plane of the finite strain ellipsoid. They produce a fabric that can appear similar to crenulation cleavages. What does C in S-C mean? a. Crenulation b. Crenulation cleavage c. Chistosite
d. Cisaillement (S means Schistosite)
Refers to folds whose interlimb angle is between 10 to 90o. a. Open b. Tight c. Isoclinal - parallel limbs
b. Tight Isoclinal - parallel limbs
The only planet that lies on its side wherein its axis of rotation nearly parallels the plane in which the planets revolve around the Sun. a. Jupiter b. Saturn c. Uranus
c. Uranus
Which of the following is NOT true about transform fault boundaries? a. They are mostly found on the ocean floor b. The active part lie only outside two offset ridges. c. They are also called conservative plate boundaries
b. The active part lie only outside two offset ridges. (convergent - destructive, divergent - constructive) They are mostly found on the ocean floor True The active part lie only outside two offset ridges. False They are also called conservative plate boundaries True They are where plates slide past each other. True
It is a streamlined, wind-sculpted landform that is oriented parallel to the prevailing wind. a. Inselberg b. Yardang c. Ventifact d. Drumlin
b. Yardang Inselberg - isolated remnant hills sitting on a peneplain (tropical) Ventifact - carved rock, product of sandblasting Monadnocks - like inselberg but are formed in humid areas
What do you call the ridge that separates the two subbasins of Sulu Sea? a. Cotabato ridge b. Sulu Ridge c. Celebes Ridge
d. Cagayan Ridge (Cagayan de Sulu ridge)
Bedforms are what kind of sedimentary structures? a. Erosional b. Depositional c. Post-depositional
b. Depositional
These are faults that become shallower with depth. a. Convex b. Anastomosing c. Wrench - strike-slip
d. Listric Wrench - strike-slip
This zone marks the contact between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere a. Conrad Discontinuity b. Low Velocity Zone c. Transition Zone d. D’’ Layer
b. Low Velocity Zone Conrad Discontinuity - boundary between oceanic and continental crust Gutenberg - Mantle-Core boundary Lehmann - Inner-Outer Core boundary Moho - Crust-Mantle boundary
These are fault which do NOT cut the surface of the Earth. a. Emergent Fault b. Riedel Fault c. Blind Fault
c. Blind Fault Emergent Fault - fault that cuts (evident) at the surface
A type of fault where the hanging wall moves down with respect to the footwall, resulting in horizontal extension. a. Normal b. Reverse c. Thrust
a. Normal
Sedimentary rocks A, B and C are inclined beds, overlain by a horizontal rock layer D and intruded by an igneous rock E. What kind of unconformity is present between A and D? a. Non conformity b. Angular unconformity c. Disconformity
b. Angular unconformity
Abyssal is found at what depth: a. <200 m b. 700 to 1000 m c. 2000 to 4000 m
c. 2000 to 4000 m
The delta and sigma type structures are the two types of assymetric porphyroclasts, differentiated mainly by intersection of the median line of the recrystallizing tails to the cross reference plane. Which of the following describes a delta type structure: a. The median line of the recrystallizing tails does not cross the reference planes b. The median line of the recrystallizing tails does not cross the reference planes AND the matrix fabricmust be heterogenous c. The median line of the recrystallizing tails does cross the reference planes
c. The median line of the recrystallizing tails does cross the reference planes
A vast, saucer-shaped intrusion with a depressed central region with a dike or funnel shaped body below. a. Lacolith b. Lopolith c. Phacolith
b. Lopolith
All of the following deposits exhibit normal grading EXCEPT: a. Turbidites b. Tempestites c. Debrites
c. Debrites - composed of different sizes of grains
Sequence Stratigraphy is all about accommodation. Accommodation is defined as the space available for sedimentation. All of the following factors can affect accommodation EXCEPT: a. Tectonics b. Sedimentation Rate c. Ravinement
d. Eustasy
It is the part of the coastal zone found between the low tide level and the line where waves break at low tide. a. Offshore b. Foreshore c. Backshore
d. Nearshore
Refers to the biggest size of grain that a stream can move a. Competence b. Capacity c. Capacitance
a. Competence
It separates the outer core from the inner core: a. Conrad b. Moho c. Gutenberg
d. Lehmann Conrad - Oceanic-Continental Crust boundary? Moho - Crust-Mantle boundary Gutenberg - Mantle-Core boundary
What is the four most abundant elements in the earth’s crust? a. O, Si, Al, Ca b. O, Si, Al, Fe c. O, Si, Ca, Na
b. O, Si, Al, Fe
Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist and geophysicist, in his book “The Origin of Continents and Oceans” published in 1915, suggested a hypothesis which challenge the long-held assumption that the continents and oceans have a fixed geographic position. a. Plate Tectonics b. Continental Drift c. Sea-Floor Spreading
b. Continental Drift Sea-Floor Spreading - Harry Hess
Refers to the weathered material lying above the unaltered rock a. Regolith b. Weathered mantle c. All of the above
c. All of the above
Tall conical volcanoes built up by many layers of hardened lava, tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash a. Scoria cone b. Lave-tephra plateau c. Composite (Stratovolcano)
c. Composite (Stratovolcano)
These are folds that are convex upward with the youngest beds in the middle. a. Antiformal syncline b. Synformal syncline c. Antiformal anticline
a. Antiformal syncline
Groundwater represents how many percent of the Earth’s water? a. 0.62% b. 2.15% c. 2.8%
a. 0.62% 2.15% - glaciers 2.8% - freshwater
This is the line connecting all point of maximum curvature in a fold. a. Crest line b. Hinge line c. Axial Line
b. Hinge line
The oldest diorites in the Philippines can be found in what locality: a. Samar b. Cebu c. Mindoro
b. Cebu (Lutopan Diorite - Cretaceous)
This is a relatively flat, sub-horizontal fault which separates deformed rocks above from the underformed rocks below. a. Cisaill ment b. D tachement c. Decoll ment
c. Decoll ment
These are folds where the hinge line is generally NOT horizontal. a. Plunging b. Inclined c. Recumbent
a. Plunging
These are linear deposits of unsorted sediments formed by the advance or retreat of glaciers. a. Cirque b. Horn c. Moraines
d. Till
The slip rate of the Philippine Fault is approximately: a. 2-3 cm/year b. 4-5 cm/year c. 6-7 cm/year
a. 2-3 cm/year (2.5 cm/yr - average)
‘Physical Geology’ was the term coined by which British scientist? a. Robert Hooke b. William Hopkins c. Charles Lyell
b. William Hopkins
Orography deals with which branch of geology? a. chemical study of ores and minerals b. microscopic study of polished sections c. physical relief of Earth’s surface
c. physical relief of Earth’s surface
What is the process of mountain building called? a. fold mountain b. diamorphism c. orogeny
c. orogeny
The Himalayan Mountain is placed in which category? a. fold mountain b. block mountain c. erosion mountain
a. fold mountain
The summit of Mount Everest is made up of which rock? a. Basalt b. granite c. sandstone
d. limestone
Where are the Southern Alps situated? a. Along France-Italy border b. North of Lombardy Plains in Italy c. New Zealand South Island
c. New Zealand South Island
Which is the tallest mountain peak outside the Himalayan system? a. Mont Blanc in the Alps b. Mt. Aconcagua in the Andes c. Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa
b. Mt. Aconcagua in the Andes
Name the tallest mountain peak on the surface of the planet Earth. a. Mount Everest b. Mount Ozbourne c. Mauna Kea
c. Mauna Kea
Which is the longest mountain range on the globe? a. Himalaya b. Andes c. Pacific-Antarctic Ridge
d. Mid-Atlantic Ridge
What is the maximum difference in elevation on the Earth’s surface between Mount Everest (the highest point) and the Challenger deep (the lowest point) in the Marianas Trench in the Pacific? a. 18 km b. 19 km c. 20 km
c. 20 km
Which part of the globe’s surface is known as the continental shelf? a. Seaward slope on the outer border of continents b. Zone along the shore line c. Scarp along beaches
a. Seaward slope on the outer border of continents
The sharp bend in a mountain chain is termed what? a. Syntaxis b. Anatexis c. Syntexis
a. Syntaxis
One reads often of a ‘col’ in descriptions of a mountain expedition. What exactly is it? a. Narrow depression in a mountain ridge b. Part of a cirque c. Gap between two mountain peaks
a. Narrow depression in a mountain ridge
You can’t fit it on your vehicle, but this ‘horn’ refers to the shape of a mountain peak. Which shape? a. Rounded b. Needle-shaped c. Jagged
d. Pyramidal
The Great Canyon in USA is one of the most remarkable features on the Earth’s surface. What is its length and its maximum depth? a. 350 km; 1900 m b. 300 km; 2100 m c. 320 km; 2050 m
a. 350 km; 1900 m
The basement formation exposed in the Grand Canyon in USA is named after a Hindu god. Which one? a. Brahma b. Vishnu c. Shiva
b. Vishnu
What type of landform is inselberg? a. A mass of rock in front of a scarf b. Hill feature in the middle of a desert c. Rock spur surrounded by gullies
d. Residual, isolated hill-like feature
What is a sugar-loaf hill? a. Mesa b. Monadnock c. Bornhardt
c. Bornhardt
What is a broad landscape of low relief broken by residual uplands in arid regions known as? a. Pediplane b. Peniplane c. Mesa
a. Pediplane
What is a plateau bordered by steep, clifflike scarfs called? a. Mesa b. Piedmont c. Tableland
c. Tableland
A landform that has a gentle dip slope on one side, and a steep scarf slope on the other is known as? a. Hogback b. Cuesta c. Cliff
b. Cuesta
In geology, what is a ‘boss’? a. Isolated hill in arid region b. Isolated plain over a peneplain c. Small igneous intrusion
c. Small igneous intrusion
Which interesting landform is known as a zeugen? a. Tabular mass of resistant rock resting on undercut pillar of softer rock b. Detached bedrock resting on a slope c. Detached mass of rock resting on a glacier
a. Tabular mass of resistant rock resting on undercut pillar of softer rock
An isolated mass of well weathered and joined rock is known by which term? a. Tern b. Pinnacle c. Tor
c. Tor
A sharp-crested ridge formed by steeply inclined resistant rock product of differential erosion is known as? a. Cuesta b. Dyke c. Razorback
d. Hogback
What is the lowest point on the Earth’s surface? a. Death Valley is USA b. Dead Sea c. Qattara Depression in Egypt
b. Dead Sea
The general process by which rocks and minerals are broken down at or below the Earth’s surface is called? a. Weathering b. Denudation c. Erosion
a. Weathering
What is the process of aggradation? a. Destruction of Earth materials b. Building up of land surface by deposition c. Scouring of valley floor by glacier
b. Building up of land surface by deposition
What is the process of natural chemical removal of rock during denudation known as? a. Corrasion b. Corrosion c. Abrasion
b. Corrosion
Which are the principal agents of subaerial denudation? a. Wind b. Rivers and streams c. Ice and snow
b. Rivers and streams
Extensive denudation of limestone and dolomite country produces a typical landscape. What is it called? a. Terra rosa b. Lapi s surface c. Karstic scenery
c. Karstic scenery
You thought that ‘onions’ are only for eating. But in geology a type of weathering is given this name. How does it occur? a. Sudden cooling of lave in water b. By denudation c. By corrosion
c. By corrosion
What is the process of deflation in erosion of rocks? a. Form of wind erosion b. Action of frost c. Diurnal changes in temperature
a. Form of wind erosion
What is a float? a. Isolated rock in alluvium b. Displaced fragment of rock on a hillside c. Rock suspended in water
b. Displaced fragment of rock on a hillside
Residual deposit containing mainly hydrated iron and aluminum oxides and hydroxides found in tropical climates is known as? a. Plinthite b. Kankar c. Reh
d. Laterite
What is the principal action of wind in a geological process? a. Transport of unconsolidated sediments b. Formation of scarps c. Carving out of deep gullies
a. Transport of unconsolidated sediments
Soil and silt deposited by wind is termed? a. Kallar b. Regur c. Loess
c. Loess
The term ‘colluvium’ is applied to what type of unconsolidated material? a. Alluvium on base of hills b. Loose soil material/rock fragments c. Loess
b. Loose soil material/rock fragments
Where is a red bole found? a. On the surface of lava flows b. On the surface of any hard rocks c. Interlayered with lava flows
c. Interlayered with lava flows
Where does a floating reef occur? a. A fragment of country rock caught within a lava flow b. Isolated displaced rock mass in alluvium c. Isolated rock fragment on hill slope
b. Isolated displaced rock mass in alluvium
Sinkholes occur in what type of geological terrain? a. Shaley b. Deccan Trap c. Granitic
d. Carbonate
The most famous physiographic feature on the Earth is the Grand Canyon in the United States. What was the agency that carved out the sediments? a. Wind scouring b. River water c. Frost action
b. River water
What is a glytolith? a. River pebble rounded by water b. Glacial boulder c. Artificially ground rock
d. Desert pebble faceted by sand
Rivers cut which type of valleys? a. U-shaped b. V-shaped c. Flat-bottomed
b. V-shaped
Rivers and streams wear away surfaces by mechanical processes, such as rubbing, grinding, cutting, etc. What is the scientific term for this process? a. Abrasion b. Ablation c. Corrosion
a. Abrasion
What is a braided stream? a. Stream with numerous branches b. Stream forming a delta c. Stream having natural levees
d. Network of small streams
An antecedent river is which type of stream? a. That maintains its original course despite subsequent uplift b. That descends from high mountains forming deep channels c. That follow the strike of mountain chains
a. That maintains its original course despite subsequent uplift
The area from where a river collects surface run-off water is known as? a. Seepage area b. Catchment area c. Drainage basin
b. Catchment area
River drainage which flows outward in all directions from a central high is called? a. Dendritic b. Trellis c. Central
d. Radial
What is the relative direction of the flow of a river which displays no reason for its course called? a. Consequent b. Subsequent c. Insequent
c. Insequent
A teetotaler can never be found in the bar of a hotel. But he had no objection to a picnic on the ‘bar’ of a river. What kind of a bar is this? a. A body of sand projecting from the bank b. Sand and shingle ridge in the sea across the mouth of a river c. Barrier in an estuary
b. Sand and shingle ridge in the sea across the mouth of a river
What is a doab? a. Alluvial tract between two adjacent rivers b. Depressions between seif chains c. Plains below the hills in the Northeast
a. Alluvial tract between two adjacent rivers
How is an alluvial fan formed? a. Deposit left after floods b. Deposit left by a river at its estuary c. Deposit left by a stream on entering a plain
c. Deposit left by a stream on entering a plain
No, it is not a disease of the eye, but this ‘cataract’ has something to do with a river. What? a. Rapids b. Flood c. Waterfall
c. Waterfall
Ox-bow lakes are formed by which process? a. Construction of a bund b. Damming of a meandering river channel c. Erosion of river terrace
b. Damming of a meandering river channel
Limnology is the scientific study of which feature? a. Limestone deposits b. Waterfalls c. Caves
d. Lakes and ponds
You cannot make any monetary transactions from this ‘bank’ for it is a physical feature. What is it? a. Slope bordering a river, lake, etc. b. Scarp on hill-side c. Flat top of sea floor
a. Slope bordering a river, lake, etc.
