3 - Pavlovian Conditioning

Question 1

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 1

Physiologist of Digestion

Question 2

Unconditional Reflex

Answer 2

-Largely inborn and usually permanent reflex
-automatic and stereotypical across species members
-consists of an unconditional stimulus and unconditional response

Question 3

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 3

-natural response
-automatic reaction, physiological
-an event that elicits a response without any prior learning history

Question 4

Unconditioned Response

Answer 4

an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the US

Question 5

Conditional Reflex

Answer 5

-not present at birth; is acquired from experience; relatively impermanent
-variation among species members
-consists of a conditioned stimulus and conditioned response

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

a previously neutral stimulus that eventually triggers a conditioned response

Question 7

Conditioned Response

Answer 7

learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 8

Pavlovian Conditioning/Classical Conditioning

Answer 8

the procedure of building associations and creating a conditioned reflex

Question 9

Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 9

pairing a neutral stimulus with a well-established CS

Question 10

Test Trials

Answer 10

presentations of the CS alone

Question 11

How to measure conditioning?

Answer 11

-Changes in latency & intensity

Question 12

Trace Conditioning

Answer 12

the intended CS begins and ends before US is introduced

Question 13

Delay Conditioning

Answer 13

the intended CS and the US overlap; the US is introduced before the intended CS disappeared

Question 14

Simultaneous Conditioning

Answer 14

the intended CS and US onset together (being at the same time)

Question 15

Backward Conditioning

Answer 15

the US comes before the intended CS

Question 16

Contingency

Answer 16

the premise states that an outcome is dependent upon (“contingent”) some other event occurring first; Y occurs if and only X happens first

Question 17

Robert Rescorla

Answer 17

the amount of learning depends on the degree to which the CS predicts the US
-the more the relationship is paired together, the faster a person learns

Question 18

Contiguity

Answer 18

the degree to which two stimuli occur together in space or time

Question 19

Interstimulus Interval (ISI)

Answer 19

the term in Pavlovian Conditioning for the amount of time that elapses between the appearance of the CS and the start of the US

Question 20

T/F. The shorter the interval between the CS and US, the more quickly conditions occurs

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Compound Stimulus

Answer 21

a combination of 2 or more stimuli that, after repeated pairings with a US, come to collectively form a CS (always show up together)

Question 23

Blocking

Answer 23

failure of a 1 stimulus in a compound stimulus to become a CS on its own when the other stimulus already become a CS in prior conditioning

Question 24

Latent Inhibition

Answer 24

when prior presentations of a stimulus are not paired with a US, this often interferes with the ability of that stimulus to become a CS if/when it is paired with a US

Question 25

Sensory Preconditioning

Answer 25

procedure whereby 2 neutral stimulus are paired together; only 1 of them is the with a US; if the other stimulus is then presented alone, it may elicit a CR even though that one was never paired with a US

Question 26

Intertrial Interval

Answer 26

the gap between successive trials

Question 27

Extinction

Answer 27

the process of repeatedly presenting a CS without an accompanying US until the CR no longer occurs

Question 28

Forgetting

Answer 28

reflects a deterioration in performance or memory following a period without practice

Question 29

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 29

formerly developed conditioned responses can reappear later, even if previously extinguished

Question 30

Stimulus-Substitution Theory

Answer 30

-A CS merely substitutes for the US in evoking a reflex response
-Pavlov believed that conditioning involved the formation of new neurological connections in the brain between the CS & US
-Shortcut: CR & UR are not always the same

Question 31

Preparatory Response Theory

Answer 31

theory of Pavlovian conditioning that proposes that the CR prepares the organism for the appearance of the US

Question 32

Compensatory Response Theory

Answer 32

CR prepares organism for the US by compensating for its effects

Question 33

Rescorla-Wagner Model

Answer 33

suggests that there is a limit to the amount of conditioning that can occur in the pairing of two stimuli