12 - Memory and Forgetting

Question 1

Ebbinghaus

Answer 1

-Some of the earliest studies of memory
-Worked on memorizing lists of nonsense syllable

Question 2

Retention Interval

Answer 2

the period between a learning experience and its recall

Question 3

Short Term Memory

Answer 3

the capacity to remember something over a short retention interval

Question 4

Two Types of Short Term memories

Answer 4

-Primary Memory
-Working Memory

Question 5

Long Term Memory

Answer 5

the capacity to remember something over longer periods of time

Question 6

Declarative Memory

Answer 6

memory of events that can be expressed, usually with words

Question 7

Endel Tulving proposes declarative memory be divided into:

Answer 7

-Semantic Memory
-Episodic Memory

Question 8

Semantic Memory

Answer 8

the kind of memory that makes is possible for organisms to acquire, store and use information about the world in which they live in
“knowledge of the world”

Question 9

Episodic Memory

Answer 9

memory for personally experienced events

Question 10

Nondeclarative Memory

Answer 10

Memory of things that cannot be expressed, at least in words

Question 11

Procedural Memory

Answer 11

Knowing how to perform a procedure

Question 12

Hippocampus

Answer 12

neural structure involved in the formation of long-term memories

Question 13

Case of H.M. illustrates

Answer 13

-The hippocampus seems more involved in episodic
-Procedural memory may be independent of hippcampus

Question 14

Forgetting

Answer 14

a deterioration in learned behavior following a period without practice

Question 15

Deterioration

Answer 15

when behavior is often less precise and/or less efficient than it was during retention

Question 16

Free Recall

Answer 16

organism is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior following a retention interval

Question 17

Cued Recall

Answer 17

approach that provides hints/prompts to increase likelihood that a behavior will be produced

Question 18

Recognition

Answer 18

individual only has to identify the material that was previously learned

Question 19

Reminiscence

Answer 19

a phenomenon in which performance improves with the passage of time

Question 20

State-Dependent Learning

Answer 20

a behavior learned when an organism is in a particular physiological state, is lost when that state passes; though may emerge once that state is once again achieved

Question 21

Relearned Method

Answer 21

assesses the amount of training that must be provided in order to reach a previously learned level of performance “Savings Method”

Question 22

T/F. Greater savings = greater memory

Answer 22

True

Question 23

Gradient Degradation

Answer 23

a behavior is tested for generalization before and after a retention trial. A flattening of the gradient after passage of time indicates that forgetting has occurred

Question 24

What steps are in Gradient Degradation

Answer 24

1. Classical C Training
2. Testing & Gradient
3. Discrimination Training
4. Period without practice
5. Testing the gradient

Question 25

What does research correlate about forgetting?

Answer 25

The longer the retention interval, the more forgetting

Question 26

T/F. The better something is learned the less likely itis to be forgotten

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Overlearning

Answer 27

the continuation of training beyond the point required to produce one errorless performance

Question 28

Fluency

Answer 28

the number of correct responses per minute

Question 29

Prior Learning

Answer 29

Meaningful information is easier to remember than random information

Question 30

Proactive Interference

Answer 30

a phenomenon whereby old learning interferes with recall of recent information

Question 31

Retroactive Interference

Answer 31

when new information learned interferes with earlier learning

Question 32

Cue-Depending Forgetting

Answer 32

forgetting that results from the absence of cues that were presented during training

Question 33

Mnemonics & Mnemonic Systems

Answer 33

a system for aiding recall

Question 34

Method of Loci

Answer 34

an approach in which each particular fact is fixed to a specific location

Question 35

Loftus et a. - “confabulation”

Answer 35

false memories