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Anatomy & Physiology > 3. Nervous System > Flashcards

3. Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Mental Status

A
  • Physical Appearance
  • Communication
  • Level of consciousness (GCS)
  • Cognitive Abilities & Mentation
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2
Q

Sensory Assessment

A
  • Interoceptive Sensation

- Proprioceptive Sensation

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3
Q

Cranial Nerve Assessment

A
  • All 12 cranial nerves

- Oculomotor nerve (Pupillary Reflex)

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4
Q

Motor System Assessment

A
  • Muscle size
  • Muscle tone
  • Muscle strength
  • Involuntary Movements
  • Pronator drift
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5
Q

Cerebella Function

A
  • Coordination
  • Station
  • Gait
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6
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System:

Brain + Spinal Cord

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7
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System:

  • Cranial nerves
  • Spinal nerves
  • Ganglia
  • Enteric plexuses (in small intestine)
  • Sensory receptors (in skin)
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8
Q

Sensory (Afferent)

A

Signal that comes in

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9
Q

Motor (Efferent)

A

Signal exits the spinal cord

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10
Q

Somatic vs. autonomic

A

Voluntary vs. Involuntary

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11
Q

Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic

A

Flight or flight vs. rest & digest

“P for peaceful”

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12
Q

Dual Innervation

A

serve the same visceral organs but cause opposite effect

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13
Q

Parasympathetic Division

A
  • Keeps body energy as low as possible

- “house keeping activities,” e.g. digestion, elimination of waste, etc.

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14
Q

Sympathetic division

A
  • Activates when we are excited or threatened

- Temporarily dampens nonessential activities

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15
Q

Functional Cells

A

Neurons

  • Electrically excitable cells
  • Cannot multiply or divide
  • 50% of nervous system cells
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16
Q

Support Cells

A

Glial Cells (Neuroglia)

  • Not electrically excitable
  • Can multiply & divide
  • 50% of nervous system
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17
Q

Dendrites

A
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18
Q

Soma

A

“The lollipop”

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19
Q

Axon

A

Tail of

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20
Q

Axon Hilock

A

Junction between

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21
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Where the axon ends

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22
Q

Schwann Cell (Neurolemmocyte)

A

Produces cover around the axon of the neuron, myelin sheath

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23
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Motor neuron

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24
Q

Process of Myelination

A

Myelin sheath (fatty material) electrically insulates the axon of a neuron increases the speed of the impulse.

PNS: Schwann Cells
(can myelinate only one cell)
CNS: Oligodendrocytes
(can myelinate several cells)

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25
Q

4 Different Regions of the Brain

A
  1. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
    - Gyrus (Ridges) & Sulcus (Valley)
  2. Diencephalon
  3. Brain Stem
  4. Cerebellum (small brain)
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26
Q

5 Lobes of the Brain

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Occipital
  4. Temporal
  5. Insula
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27
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

“Makes you you.”
Personality
Higher order
Executive Function

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28
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Integrating environmental information

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29
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

30
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing

31
Q

3 Divisions of Diencephalon

A

THE diencephalon

  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
32
Q

Thalamus

A

Sorting incoming information

33
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Hormone regulation

34
Q

Epithalamus

A

Sleep/wake cycle

35
Q

Cerebellum

A

-Heavily folded: folia
-Precise muscle contraction
(Figures out how to reach out and grab a pen, planned by frontal lobe)

36
Q

Brainsteam

A

Includes: (MPM) midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata.

Regulation of basic functions: heart rate, breathing, etc

37
Q

Circle of Willis

A

Links anterior & posterior blood supplies

38
Q

How much of the body’s oxygen supply does the brain use?

A

20%

39
Q

Blood-brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens

40
Q

3 Layers Meniges

A

PAD

  1. Pai Mater (soft mother)
  2. Arachnoid Mater (spider mother)
  3. Dura Mater (tough mother)
41
Q

Choroid Plexus

A

Where CSF is produced

42
Q

Where is foramen magnum

A

“Big hole”

L1/L2

43
Q

Posterior/Dorsal Root

A

Sensory information comes through here into the spinal cord after the posterior/dorsal ganglion (bulge/collection of neuron heads)

44
Q

Ventral/Anterior Root

A

Commands come out here from spinal cord

45
Q

Grey Matter vs. White Matter

A

Larger concentration of soma vs. axons

46
Q

Where is an LP performed?

A

L3/L4 or L5/L5

47
Q

Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)

A
  • 2 mixed cranial nerves
  • originate from medulla
  • carry motor signals to lungs, heart & digestive organs
48
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • Connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands
  • 31 Pairs
  • All nerves are mixed
49
Q

Regions of the Spinal Nerves

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
50
Q

Connective Tissue Covering Nerve

A
  1. Endoneurium
  2. Perineurium
  3. Epineurium
51
Q

Nerve Plexuses

A

Redundant nerves in interconnecting plexuses; helps to prevent total loss of motor functions with a spinal injury.

52
Q

Where does sympathetic motor neurons exit the CNS?

A

Thoracic & Lumbar regions

53
Q

Noradrenalin

A

Used by second motor neuron as the neurotransmitter to stimulate target tissue

54
Q

Where does parasympathetic motor neurons exit from?

A

Brainstem and sacral part of spinal cord

55
Q

Acetylcholine

A

ACh

The major neurotransmitter for parasympathetic division?

56
Q

Percentage of parasympathetic motor neurons that are in the vagus (X) nerve

A

80%

57
Q

Ganglion

A

“Head” of neuron

58
Q

Sympathetic

🟢🟩🟩🟩🟢 X 🟢🟩🟩🟩🟢Y
Pre-ganglionic Post-ganglionic

A 
X= ACh
Y= NA
59
Q

Parasympathetic

🟢🟩🟩🟩🟢 X 🟢🟩🟩🟩🟢Y
Pre-ganglionic Post-ganglionic

A 
X= ACh
Y= ACh
60
Q

(Somatic nervous system) single neuron from CNS to effector organs

🟡🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟠 X

A

ACh

61
Q

Action Potential vs. Graded Potential

A

AP allow communication over short and long distances.
GP allow communication over short distance only.
Production of AP or a GP depends on existence of a resting membrane potential and the existence of certain ion channels.

62
Q

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

A

RMP is difference in electrical potential on either side of PM.

63
Q

What determines that the membrane in a non-conducting neuron is (+) outside and (-) inside?

A
  • Unequal distribution of ions across the PM and the selective permeability of the neurons membrane to Na+ and K+.
  • Most anions cannot leave the cell.
  • Na+/K+ pumps.
64
Q

Distribution of Cl-, Na+, PO4- & K+ in resting membrane potential

A

“You’re O-K at home.”

Cl-            Na+
🔵🔵🔵🔵🔵🔵
◻️◻️◻️◻️◻️◻️
🔵🔵🔵🔵🔵🔵
PO4-        K+
65
Q

Overall charge inside neuron cell

A

Negative, because of protein & DNA, despite overload of K+

66
Q

Threshold Potential

A

The point of no return [At -55 mV] enough Na+ comes into cell making it more and more positive (Na+ influx/depolarization) until it reaches a certain +30 mV causing K to leave the cell (K- efflux/repolarization) making it more negative until it passes -70mV to -90-100mV and then readjusts back to resting -70mV (After-hyperpolarization phase).

67
Q

Factors that affect propagation

A
  • Axon diameter
  • Amount of myelination
  • Temperature
68
Q

Continuous vs. Saltatory Conductuon

A

W/o myeliantion vs. w/ myelination sheath

69
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

A vesicle that carries molecule from pre-synaptic neuron to post-synaptic neuron

70
Q

Charge of neuron at rest

A

-70 mV

71
Q

White Matter

A

Conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain

72
Q

Grey Matter

A

Receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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