- Ingestion - Propulsion (swallowing & peristalsis) - mechanical/physical - chemical - absorption - defecation (only in large intestine)

- loose connective tissue - larger blood vessels - Lymphatics - Nerves

- Outermost layer - Visceral peritoneum

- oral/buccal cavity - lips and cheeks - hard palate (roof of mouth for tongue to push food against) - soft palate (closes nasopharynx during swallowing)

10. The Digestive System Flashcards by Jarred Pollack

Accessary Parts of the Digestive System

Not part of the digestive tract, but aid in digestion: salivary gland, pacreas, etc.

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Peritoneum Membrane

One of the largest membranes in the body. Covers from the top of the liver to bottom of the abd cavity

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Greater Membrane

The policeman of the absolving. Provides physical protection and helps with immunity.

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Lesser Omentum

Keeps organs in place

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Digestive Processes

Ingestion
Propulsion (swallowing & peristalsis)
mechanical/physical
chemical
absorption
defecation (only in large intestine)

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4 Layers of GI Tube (MSMS)

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa

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Mucosa (GI Tube)

-Innermost lining-
mucus secretion
-nutrient absorption
-pathogen defense (MALTS)

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Submucosa (GI Layer)

loose connective tissue
larger blood vessels
Lymphatics
Nerves

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Muscular Externa

Segmentation and peristalsis

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Serosa (GI Layer)

Outermost layer

- Visceral peritoneum

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What breaks down carbs?

Salivary amylase -salivary glands, mouth

Pancreatic amylase -pancreas, small intestines

Maltese -small intestines, small intestines

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What break down proteins?

Pepsin -gastric glands, stomach

Trypsin -pancreas, small intestines

Peptidases -small intestines, small intestines

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What breaks down nucleus acids?

Nuclease -pancreas, small intestines

Nucleosidases -pancreas, small intestines

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What breaks down fats?

Lipase -pancreas, small intestines

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The mouth

oral/buccal cavity
lips and cheeks
hard palate (roof of mouth for tongue to push food against)
soft palate (closes nasopharynx during swallowing)

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Three salivary glands that produce amylase

Parotid
Sublingual
Submandibular

When does voluntary control stop in digestion?

After swallowing

Deglutition

Ie swallowing

Chyme (in the stomach)

Churned food + gastric juices + saliva

Secretion of gastric juices

hydrochloric acid
pepsin
intrinsic factor
gastric lipase

Gastrin

pH level of stomach

1-5 - 3.5

Cells of Mucus Pits

Mucus Neck Cells
Parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

Mucus Neck Cella (Mucus Pit Cell)

Acidic mucus production

Parietal cells (Mucus Pit Cell)

1. Hydrochloric acid - acid for pepsin activation - protein denaturation - plant cell wall degradation - bacterial lysis 2. Intrinsic factor - essential for vit-B12 absorption in small intestine

Chief cells (Mucus Pit Cell)

Pepsinogen (pepsin pre-cursor)

Enteroendocrine cells (Mucus Pit Cell)

- paracrines (histamine) | - hormones (gastrin)

Mucosal Barrier of Stomach

Protection from self-digestion: bicarbonate-rich mucus, tight junctions and rapid replacement of damaged epithelial cells (every 3-6 days)

Structural Unit of Liver

Lobules - hexagonal in shape - brick-like pattern of hepatocytes - radiate from central vein - portal triad at each lobule corner: hepatic artery branch, hepatic portal vein branch and bile duct

What is multiplication in digestion

Break down of fats from bile (emulsification)

Kupffer Cells

Hepatic macrophages that line the sinusoids. Removes worn out blood cells from blood and phagocytoses bacteria and debris

Bile

Yellow-green alkaline solution with components that aid in digestion: - Phospholipids (polar and non-polar regions) - bile salts (cholesterol derivatives, emulsify fats, aid fat and cholesterol absorption, reabsorbed by enterohepatic circulation)

Function of liver

- metabolism: carb, lipid and protection - processes of drugs and hormones - bilirubin excretion - storage - phagocytosis - vitamin D

Pancreas

Produces enzymes that digest carbs, proteins, fats abs nucleus acids. Produces sodium bicarbonate which buffers stomach acid Empties stomach into duodenum

Subdivision of small intestine

- duodenum - jejunum - ileum

Increases surface area in small intestine

Circular folds Vili Microvili

Divisions of large intestine

- Cecum - Colon - Rectum - Anal Canal

Teniae coli

Muscle that moves feces through large intestine

Bacteria of large intestine

~10 million species Synthesize B and K vitamins Metabolizes host-derives molecules (hyaluronic acid, heparin and mucin) Ferment indigestible carbs