2. Cells & Tissues Flashcards
Epithelial
Covers body surfaces, lines hallow organs and cavities, and forms glands. “Tissue layer”
Golgi
“Post office of the cell.” Packages and ships molecules.
ATP
Energy currency of the cell. Andinosin Trisphosphate.
Lysomes
Organelle that contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components such as damaged organelle
Microtubluls
Highway within the cell. Party of cytoskeleton.
Phospholipids
Heads of LB. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces this molecule that is essential to making a cell membrane
Ribosomes
Organelle that translates mRNA into protein
Nucleus
Houses DNA/Chromosomes/genes & Nucleolus
Chromatin
DNA wrapped around histone proteins
Glycogen
A cytoplasmic inclusion provides a rich and ready source of energy within muscle
Flagellum
“Tail of the cell.” E.g. sperm cell.
Peroxisomes
Organelle that contains several oxidases, enzymes that can oxidise (remove hydrogen atoms from) various organic substances.
E.g. oxidation/detoxification of ETOH or oxidation of amino acids & fatty acids for normal metabolism.
Plasma Membrane
Cell’s flexible outer layer that protect everything inside and regulates flow of material in and out. Key role in identification between other cells.
Is always permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules.
Macromolecules are only able to pass via vesicular transport.
Cytoplasm
I.e. Intracellular fluid. All cellular contents (cytosel & organelles) between plasma membrane and nucleus.
Cytosel
Fluid portion of cytoplasm.
Organelle(s)
Cell “organs;” or parts of the cell that have a function
Lipid Bilayer…what’s it made of?
75% Phospholipids
20% Cholesterol
5% Glycolipids w/ attached carbohydrate groups
Concentration Gradient
Difference in the concentration of chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other
Electrical Gradient
Difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other.
Electrochemical Gradient
Concentration Gradient + Electrical Gradient
Passive Processes (3 Types)
Simple Diffusion - move through LB of PM without proteins.
Facilitated Diffusion - Moves across LB with Channel protein or carrier protein.
Osmosis - Net movement of solvent through permeable membrane, “wants to go to where the party’s at.”
Note: Influenced by steepness of concentration, temperature, mass of diffusion substance, surface area & diffusion distance.
Active Processes (2 Types)
Active Transport - Energy from ATP changes shape of transporter protein which pumps a substance across a PM against its concentration gradient.
Vesicular Transport - Exocytosis & Endocytosis
Tonicity: Hypertonic
Shrivelled, pulls H2O out of cell.
Tonicity: Isotonic
Neutral; Equal extracellular water content vs. intercellular water content
Tonicity: Hypotonic
Bloated: Water rushing into cell.
Vesicular Transport: Exocytosis
Material moves out of cell by the fusion with the plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell.
Vesicular Transport: Endocytosis
Materials move into a cell in vesicle formed from the PM.
Vesicle
“Little blister or bladder.” a small spherical sac. Moves a variety of substances from one structure to another in the cell as well as import materials from and release into extracellular fluid.
4 Tissue Types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelium: Squamous vs. Cuboidal vs. Columnar
Flat vs. cubical (blob) shaped vs. Columns (packed rods)
Epithelial Tissue: Simple vs. Pseudostratified vs. Stratified
One layer vs. intermix layer or columns vs. stacked layers
Nucleus Acids
DNA & RNA. Mainly C, H, O, N & P. Helps make proteins, carry instructions from parent to offspring.
Proteins
Enzymes and antibodies. Mainly C, H, O & N. Makes up muscles, act as catalyst & carry messages.
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches mainly made of C, H & O (CH₂O). Provide and store energy and form body structures.
Lipids
Fats and oils mainly made of C and H. Stores energy, carry messages and form cell membranes.
Name a carbohydrate that is a disaccharide (2 monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond)
Lactose
Primary structure of protein
A linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
What lipid is used as a precursor for the production of steroid hormones?
Cholesterol
Nucleolus
Assembles ribosomes
Classifications of Connective Tissue
Embryonic connective tissue
• Mesenchyme • Mucous
Connective tissue proper
A. Loose
• Areolar • Adipose • Reticular
B. Dense
• Regular • Irregular • Elastic
Cartilage
• Hyaline • Fibrocartilage • Elastic
Bone
Blood (fluid connective tissue)
