3: MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
1
Q
- Defined as the study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
- Its purpose is to isolate and identify pathogenic microorganisms.
A
MICROBIOLOGY
2
Q
- Considered as “first true microbiologist”.
- Known as the Father of Bacteriology and Protozoology
- First person to observe and accurately describe living microorganism, such as bacteria and protozoa
- Used the term “animalcules”, or the tiny living and moving cells seen under the microscope
A
ANTOINNE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)
3
Q
- Proposed the theory of biogenesis, which states that living cells can arise only from pre-existing living cells
A
RUDOLF VIRCHOW (1821-1902)
4
Q
- Proposed the use of heat in killing microorganisms, which is now called as aseptic technique.
- He used the term “vaccine” for an attenuated culture
- Developed the anthrax and rabies vaccine
- He improved the wine-making process (fermentation and pasteurization)
A
LOUIS PASTEUR (1822-1895)
5
Q
- showed that agents that could contaminate a sterile broth
A
JOHN TYNDALL (1820-1893)
6
Q
- He discovered that the bacteria that could withstand a series of heating and boiling because of heat-resistant structures known as endospores.
A
FERDINAND COHN (1828-1898)
7
Q
- He demonstrated that routine handwashing can prevent the spread of disease
A
IGNAZ SEMMELWEIS (1816-1865)
8
Q
- He introduced the system of antiseptic surgery in Britain.
- He pioneered promoting handwashing before and after operation, the wearing of gloves, sterilizing surgical instruments, and the use of phenol as an antimicrobial agent for surgical wound dressing
A
JOSEPH LISTER (1827-1912)
9
Q
- First to show that bacteria can cause disease
- Discovered Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of Anthrax
- Discovered Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of pulmonary tuberculosis
A
ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)
10
Q
- She suggested the use of Agar, a solidifying agent, in the preparation of culture media
A
FANNY HESSE (1850-1934)
11
Q
- He developed the petri dish.
A
JULIUS RICHARD PETRI (1852-1921)
12
Q
- Introduced the smallpox vaccination through cowpox inoculation.
A
EDWARD JENNER (1749-1823)
13
Q
- First to describe the immune system cells and the process of phagocytosis.
A
ELLIE METCHNIKOFF (1845-1916)
14
Q
- He accidentally discovered the antibiotic penicillin (Penicillin notatum).
- Discovered the lysozyme
A
ALEXANDER FLEMMING (1881-1955)
15
Q
- It is an area of biological science that comprises three distinct areas, namely classification, nomenclature, and identification.
- It is a formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living things.
- It is based on the similarities and differences in the genotype and phenotype of organisms.
A
TAXONOMY
16
Q
- It is the organization of microorganisms that have similar morphologic, physiologic, and generic traits into specific groups or taxa.
A
CLASSIFICATION
17
Q
- It is the naming of microorganisms according to established guidelines provided by the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria or the Biological Code.
A
NOMENCLATURE
18
Q
- It is the process by which a microorganism’s key features are described.
- It is the process of discovering and recording the traits of the organism.
A
IDENTIFICATION
19
Q
- it refers to the organism’s genetic make-up.
- it involves the detection of gene or a part thereof, or an RNA product of a specific organism.
- Ex. Base sequencing of DNA or RNA which measures the relatedness of two organisms.
A
Genotypic Characteristics
20
Q
- it is based on the features beyond the genetic level.
- it includes readily observable characteristics, such as the morphological feature, as well as analytical procedures to be detected.
-Ex. Morphology, staining, nutritional requirements, and biochemical and susceptibility tests.
A
Phenotypic Characteristics
21
Q
- Is the development of an infection and disease. Certain virulence agents with mechanisms of resistance against the host protective factors are involved in the proliferation of microorganisms and the progress of diseases
A
PATHOGENESIS
22
Q
- It involves the growth and multiplication of microorganisms that cause damage to their host.
- It is the bodily invasion of pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce, multiply, and then cause diseases through local cellular injury, toxin secretion, or antigen-antibody reaction in the host.
A
INFECTION
23
Q
- It is caused by a microorganism from the microbiota of the host.
A
Autogenous infection
24
Q
- It is an infection that occurs as the result of some medical treatment or procedure.
A
latrogenic infection
25
It is an infection that affects immunocompromised hosts but not the individuals with a normal immune system.
Opportunistic infection
26
- It is also known as hospital-acquired infection.
Nosocomial infection
27
4 Common types of nosocomial infections:
* Urinary tract infection
* Lung infection
* Surgical site infection
* Blood stream infection
28
- It means signs and symptoms are confined in one area.
- Ex. Boils, Otitis media, infected wound
Local infection
29
- It starts as a local infection before spreading to the other parts of the body.
- Ex. Tonsilitis
Focal infection
30
- It means the microbe spreads throughout the body through the blood or lymph (general invasion).
Systemic infection (Generalized infection)
31
4 Types of systemic infection
Bacteremia - the presence of bacteria in the blood, invasion without active multiplication.
o Septicemia - it is the active multiplication of the invading bacteria in the blood.
o Pyemia - condition wherein pus-producing organism repeatedly invade the bloodstream and localized.
o Toxemia - it is the presence of toxins in the blood.
32
the presence of bacteria in the blood, invasion without active multiplication.
o Bacteremia
33
it is the active multiplication of the invading bacteria in the blood.
o Septicemia
34
condition wherein pus-producing organism repeatedly invade the bloodstream and localized.
o Pyemia
35
it is the presence of toxins in the blood.
o Toxemia
36
* It is the initial infection that causes the illness.
* Ex. Common colds
PRIMARY INFECTION
37
* It is caused by opportunistic pathogens after the primary infection has weakened the host's immune system.
SECONDARY INFECTION
38
* It is clinically silent inside the body and causes no noticeable illnesses in the host.
LATENT INFECTION (SILENT PHASE)
39
* It is caused by two or more organisms.
* Ex. Wound infection
MIXED INFECTION
40
* A type of infection that develops and progresses slowly.
ACUTE INFECTION
41
* An infection which develops slowly with milder but longer-lasting symptoms.
CHRONIC INFECTION
42
* It is a specific illness or disorder that is characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms which are attributable to heredity, infection, diet, or environment.
* It results when an infection produces notable changes in the human physiology, specifically those that cause damage to the body's organ system.
DISEASE
43
* occurs occasionally.
1. SPORADIC DISEASE
44
* is constantly present in a particular location or population.
2. ENDEMIC DISEASE
45
* is a disease that affects a large number of people in a given population within a short span of time.
3. EPIDEMIC DISEASE
46
* is a disease that affects population across large regions around the world.
4. PANDEMIC DISEASE
47
* Objective changes that can be measured.
SIGNS
48
* Subjective indications of the disease in a person.
SYMPTOMS
49
* It is a group of signs and symptoms that are associated with a disease.
SYNDROME
50
* It is the time between the exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms.
INCUBATION PERIOD
51
* It is the appearance of the signs and symptoms.
PRODROMAL PERIOD
52
* It is the peak of characteristic signs and symptoms of an infection or a disease.
CLINICAL OR ILLNESS PERIOD
53
* It is the period in which the signs and symptoms begins to subside as the host's conditions improves.
DECLINE PERIOD
54
* It is the period in which the surviving host is recuperating towards full recovery.
CONVALESCENCE OR THE PERIOD OF RECOVERY
55
