3-language and thought

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

• how we think
• Past experiences, beliefs, emotion, creativity, language, problem solving
• Cognition is an essential feature of human consciousness, yet not all aspects of cognition are consciously experienced

Question 2

cognitive psychology

Answer 2

field of psych dedicated to examining how people think

Question 3

concept

Answer 3

• group/categories of shared features of related objects, events, or stimuli
  
  • Help organize the world
    Informed by semantic memory

Question 4

types of concepts

Answer 4

concrete: Fruit, Clouds
complex: Psychology, Pythagoras’ theorem

Natural—experienced in the world, can construct an understanding of it through direct observation
- Snow/fruit/birds
- Artificial—understood through a set of properties, characteristics, build on one-another
- area of a square/Pythagoras’ theorem/dictionary definitions

Question 5

Prototype

Answer 5

• the best example of a concept, possess many if not all of the characteristics of the category
  
  • Varies from person to person
  • The closer the new object is to the prototype, the better example of a object it would be considered
  • People make category judgements (does this new example belong to the category) based off the category’s prototype
  • We make probability judgements by comparing an object or event with its prototype
  • Helps us understand and predict the world

Question 6

Schemas

Answer 6

represents clusters of related concepts, help us organize information, allows the brain to work more efficiently. helps you fill in gaps in the information you receive from the world around you.

Question 7

Role schema

Answer 7

How a person should behave based on their categorization

Question 8

event schema

Answer 8

• AKA Cognitive scripts
• What do you do in certain events
• When we are uncertain about events schemas… we look to others
• Some are more powerful than others!
  
  • Taking an exam > going out to a bar

Question 9

LANGUAGE

Answer 9

a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules and that convey meaning

Question 10

lexicon

Answer 10

the words of a given language, vocavulary

Question 11

GRAMMAR

Answer 11

the set of rules that are used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

Question 12

PHONEMES

Answer 12

• Smallest of the language
  
  • 44 different phonemes in English
  • Ch / ph / sh / ai / igh / ee / oo

Question 13

PHONETIC RULES

Answer 13

how we can combine phonemes to produce sounds

Question 14

MORPHEMES

Answer 14

• smallest meaningful units of language
  
  • We can combine phonemes to make this

Question 15

MORPHOLOGICAL RULES

Answer 15

• how we combine morphemes to remix words
• We use grammar to construct language

Question 16

SEMANTICS

Answer 16

what words mean

Question 17

SYNTAX

Answer 17

how words are organized

Question 18

behaviourist view on language acquisition

Answer 18

• we learn language through reinforcements
  
  • Skinner said that language is learned through reinforcement

Question 19

Nativists view on language acquisition

Answer 19

• innate, biological capacity for language (language acquisition device)
  
  • Noam Chomsky said NO it’s biologically determined
  • More difficult to learn language after puberty
  • Initial language leaves lasting traces in the brain
  • Similar language development irrespective of culture

Question 20

Interactionists view on language acquisition

Answer 20

Combination of behaviourist principles and nativists

Question 21

babies and phenomena?

Answer 21

Babies are born with the ability to make all phenomena from all languages

Question 22

Telegraphic speech

Answer 22

no function morphemes, only content

Question 23

fast mapping

Answer 23

the ability of children to acquire new words and concepts with minimal exposure to them.

Question 24

overgeneralization

Answer 24

an extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule

Question 25

LINGUISTIC RELATIVITY HYPOTHESIS

Answer 25

• language shapes the nature of thought (Benjamin Whorf 1956)
  
  • A language which does not have a linguistic feature will struggle when dealing with related concepts
    
    • No past tense in a language — struggle when thinking about the past

Question 26

criticisms of the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 26

a lot of “evidence” for this hypothesis is anecdotal
- Some researchers suggest Whorf was half-right

Question 27

trial and error

Answer 27

try different solutions till you land on the one that works

Question 28

Algorithm

Answer 28

problem-solving formula with step-by-step instructions

Question 29

Heuristic

Answer 29

• rules-of-thumb/mental shortcut
  • We use them most often when:
    
    • There is too much information
    • There is too little time
    • We don’t really care (decision unimportant)
    • There is little information

Question 30

Mental set

Answer 30

approaching a problem in the same way that has worked in the past…but is not working now
- Several biases

Question 31

Functional fixedness

Answer 31

seeing the function of an object as unchanging

Question 32

Anchoring bias

Answer 32

using an initial piece of information (the anchor) to make further judgments

Question 33

Confirmation bias

Answer 33

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Question 34

Representative bias

Answer 34

unintentionally stereotype someone/something because they look like a good representation

Question 35

Availability heuristic

Answer 35

information that is readily available is judged as more likely to have happened (or happen)

Question 36

Hindsight bias

Answer 36

the likelihood of something → you predicted it all along HUHUHU