3. Innate Immune Response: Chapter 14 (Part 1)

Question 1

3 levels of defense of the innate immune system?

Answer 1

1. first-line defenses
2. sensor systems
3. innate effector actions

Question 2

what are the first line defenses? (3)
what can they be compared to?

Answer 2

• skin/mucous membranes
• antimicrobial substances
• normal flora of the body

security walls to prevent entry

Question 3

what are the sensor systems? (2)
what can they be compared to?

Answer 3

• pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
• complement system

security cameras to detect invaders

Question 4

what are the innate effector actions? (5)
what can they be compared to?

Answer 4

• fever
• inflammatory response
• complement activation
• interferon response
• phagocytosis

security teams to eliminate the threat

Question 5

list the three broad groups of leukocytes

Answer 5

granulocytes
mononuclear phagocytes
lymphocytes

Question 6

what are granulocytes?
give two examples

Answer 6

white blood cells that contain granules.
basophils and neutrophils.

Question 7

what two groups make up mononuclear phagocytes?

Answer 7

monocytes and macrophages

Question 8

what are dendritic cells?

Answer 8

antigen-presenting cells that help activate naive T cells

Question 9

what are lymphocytes?
what are two examples

Answer 9

leukocytes responsible for adaptive immunity.
B cells and T cells.

Question 10

what are surface receptors?

Answer 10

eyes and ears of the cell.
proteins that span the cytoplasmic membrane, connecting the outside to the inside –> sense and respond to external signals

Question 11

what are cytokines?

Answer 11

the voice of the cell. function as chemical messengers, allowing cells to communicate.

Question 12

are most interferons viral, or anti-viral?

Answer 12

anti-viral

Question 13

list pro-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 13

TNF
IL1
IL6

Question 14

list anti-inflammatory cytokines

Answer 14

IL10

Question 15

what are adhesion molecules?

Answer 15

the hands of a cell. molecules on the surface that allow the cell to adhere to other body cells.

Question 16

what example did we see in class of adhesion molecules?

Answer 16

endothelial cells of a blood vessel, adhesion molecules, neutrophils

Question 17

where are TLRs located and what do they do?

Answer 17

cell surface, detect invaders in surrounding environment

Question 18

where are NLRs located and what do they do? where are they most importantly found?

Answer 18

in the cytoplasm
detect either microbial components or signs of cell damage.
most important in macrophages and dendritic cells.

Question 19

where are RLRs located and what do they detect? where are they usually found?

Answer 19

in the cytoplasm
detect viral RNA
found in most cell types

Question 20

describe the interferon response

Answer 20

virus –> ssRNA –> dsRNA –> IFN –> iAVP
iAVP + dsRNA = AVP

Question 21

what happens with microbial cell surfaces and regulatory proteins?

Answer 21

most microbial cell surfaces don’t bind regulatory proteins, so they trigger the alternative pathway of complement activation

Question 22

why is it good if a host cell membrane binds C3b-inactivating regulatory proteins? (2)

Answer 22

• prevent host cell surfaces from triggering the alternative pathway of complement regulation
• prevents host cell from being opsonized

Question 23

what do complement regulatory proteins do?

Answer 23

inactivate C3b

Question 24

how do complement regulatory proteins do their job on the host cell surface? microbial cell surface?

Answer 24

HOST: bind regulatory proteins that quickly inactivate C3b

MICROBIAL: don’t bind regulatory proteins, so they trigger the alternative pathway of complement activation

Question 25

NOD ultimately leads to… ?

Answer 25

inflammatory response

Question 26

RIG ultimately leads to…?

Answer 26

interferon response