3. Innate Immune Response: Chapter 14 (Part 1) Flashcards
3 levels of defense of the innate immune system?
- first-line defenses
- sensor systems
- innate effector actions
what are the first line defenses? (3)
what can they be compared to?
- skin/mucous membranes
- antimicrobial substances
- normal flora of the body
security walls to prevent entry
what are the sensor systems? (2)
what can they be compared to?
- pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
- complement system
security cameras to detect invaders
what are the innate effector actions? (5)
what can they be compared to?
- fever
- inflammatory response
- complement activation
- interferon response
- phagocytosis
security teams to eliminate the threat
list the three broad groups of leukocytes
granulocytes
mononuclear phagocytes
lymphocytes
what are granulocytes?
give two examples
white blood cells that contain granules.
basophils and neutrophils.
what two groups make up mononuclear phagocytes?
monocytes and macrophages
what are dendritic cells?
antigen-presenting cells that help activate naive T cells
what are lymphocytes?
what are two examples
leukocytes responsible for adaptive immunity.
B cells and T cells.
what are surface receptors?
eyes and ears of the cell.
proteins that span the cytoplasmic membrane, connecting the outside to the inside –> sense and respond to external signals
what are cytokines?
the voice of the cell. function as chemical messengers, allowing cells to communicate.
are most interferons viral, or anti-viral?
anti-viral
list pro-inflammatory cytokines
TNF
IL1
IL6
list anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL10
what are adhesion molecules?
the hands of a cell. molecules on the surface that allow the cell to adhere to other body cells.
what example did we see in class of adhesion molecules?
endothelial cells of a blood vessel, adhesion molecules, neutrophils
where are TLRs located and what do they do?
cell surface, detect invaders in surrounding environment
where are NLRs located and what do they do? where are they most importantly found?
in the cytoplasm
detect either microbial components or signs of cell damage.
most important in macrophages and dendritic cells.
where are RLRs located and what do they detect? where are they usually found?
in the cytoplasm
detect viral RNA
found in most cell types
describe the interferon response
virus –> ssRNA –> dsRNA –> IFN –> iAVP
iAVP + dsRNA = AVP
what happens with microbial cell surfaces and regulatory proteins?
most microbial cell surfaces don’t bind regulatory proteins, so they trigger the alternative pathway of complement activation
why is it good if a host cell membrane binds C3b-inactivating regulatory proteins? (2)
- prevent host cell surfaces from triggering the alternative pathway of complement regulation
- prevents host cell from being opsonized
what do complement regulatory proteins do?
inactivate C3b
how do complement regulatory proteins do their job on the host cell surface? microbial cell surface?
HOST: bind regulatory proteins that quickly inactivate C3b
MICROBIAL: don’t bind regulatory proteins, so they trigger the alternative pathway of complement activation
NOD ultimately leads to… ?
inflammatory response
RIG ultimately leads to…?
interferon response
