3: EXCHANGE SYSTEMS AND MASS TRANSPORT - LUNG DISEASE Flashcards
What is tidal volume?
the volume of air in each breath
What is the usual tidal volume for adult humans?
0.4-0.5 dm^3
What is ventilation rate?
no. of breaths per min
What is the normal ventilation rate for a healthy person at rest?
~15 breaths per min
How do you calculate pulmonary ventilation rate (dm^3 min^-1)
tidal volume x ventilation rate
What is forced expiratory volume (FEV1)?
the max vol of air that can be breathed out in 1s
What is forced vital capacity (FVC)?
the max vol of air that it is possible to breathe forcefully out of the lungs after a really deep breath in
What does a spirometer measure?
volume of air breathed in and out
What does a manometer measure?
change in lung pressure
What does a respirometer measure?
rate of respiration in living organisms
What causes tuberculosis?
- bacterial infection
- inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs/sneezes of an infected person
What are the symptoms of tuberculosis?
- persistent cough
- phlegm which may be bloody
- weight loss
- night sweats
- high temperatures
- tiredness
- swelling in neck
What is the effect of tuberculosis on lung function?
destroys lung tissue so gas exchange cannot function at optimum
How is tuberculosis treated?
antibiotics
What causes fibrosis?
scarred lung tissue
What are the symptoms of fibrosis?
- shortness of breath
- persistent dry cough
- tiredness
- loss of appetite
- weight loss
What is the effect of fibrosis on lung function?
- alveoli become damaged and increasingly scarred
- this causes lungs to become stiff and makes it difficult for O2 to enter the blood
How is fibrosis treated?
- stopping smoking
- eating healthily
- exercising regularly
- medicines to reduce rate of scarring worsening
- breathing O2 through mask
What causes asthma?
- inflammation of the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs
- makes tubes sensitive so they temporarily narrow
- triggers: allergies, smoke, pollution, cold air, exercise
What are the symptoms of asthma?
- wheezing
- breathlessness
- coughing
- tight chest
What is the effect of asthma on lung function?
air flow in and out of the lungs is severely decreased so less O2 enters the alveoli and moves into the blood
How is asthma treated?
inhalers (preventer inhaler and reliever inhaler)
What causes emphysema?
- smoking
- exposure to air pollution
What are the symptoms of emphysema?
- cough
- rapid breathing
- shortness of breath
- sputum production
- wheezing
What is the effect of emphysema on lung function?
inner walls of alveoli weaken and rupture which decreases the surface area available for gas exchange
How is emphysema treated?
- oxygen therapy
- pulmonary rehabilitation (exercise program, disease management training, psychological counselling)
