2: CELLS - ORGANELLES IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Question 1

Cell surface membrane

Answer 1

• membrane found on surface of animal cells and inside cell wall of other cells
• made of lipids and protein
• regulates movement of substances into and out of cell
• receptor molecules allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones

Question 2

Nucleus

Answer 2

• surrounded by nuclear envelope which encloses and protects DNA
• nuclear envelope contains pores which allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
• contains nucleolus which makes ribosomes
• contains chromosomes
• controls cell activities

Question 3

Mitochondria

Answer 3

• oval shaped
• double membrane
• inner membrane is folded to form cristae
• contains matrix which contains enzymes involved in respiration
• site of aerobic respiration where ATP is produced

Question 4

Chloroplast

Answer 4

• small, flattened structure found in plant and algal cells
• double membrane
• contains thylakoid membranes which are stacked in parts of the chloroplast to form grana
• grana are connected by lamellae (thin pieces of thylakoid membrane)
• site of photosynthesis (some happens in grana some happens in stroma (thick fluid in chloroplasts))

Question 5

Golgi apparatus/Golgi body

Answer 5

• group of fluid filled membrane bound flattened sacs (often with vesicles at the edges)
• processes and packages new lipids and proteins
• makes lysomes

Question 6

Golgi vesicle

Answer 6

• small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane
• produced by Golgi apparatus
• stores lipids and proteins made by the Golgi apparatus and transports them out of the cell (via cell surface membrane)

Question 7

Lysosome

Answer 7

• type of Golgi vesicle
• contains digestive enzymes called lysozymes which are used to digest invading cells/break down worn out components of the cell

Question 8

Ribosome

Answer 8

• made up of proteins and RNA
• not membrane bound
• site of protein synthesis

Question 9

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 9

• system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
• covered in ribosomes
• folds and processes proteins (that have been made at the ribosomes)

Question 10

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Answer 10

• system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space
• synthesises and processes lipids

Question 11

Cell wall

Answer 11

• rigid structure that surrounds cells in plants algae and fungi
• made of cellulose in algae and plants but made of chitin in fungi
• strengthens and supports cell and prevents cell from changing shape

Question 12

Vacuole

Answer 12

• membrane bound organelle found in plant cells
• surrounding membrane is called the tonoplast
• contains cell sap to keep cell turgid
• involved in isolation of unwanted chemicals in the cell