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Biology > 3- Exchange of materials > Flashcards

3- Exchange of materials Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What is osmosis

A

The diffusion of water from a dilute concentration to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

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1
Q

What happens when red blood cells are in more dilute solution

A

Water goes into the red blood cell and the cell bursts due to the pressure

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2
Q

What happens when red blood cells are in more concentrated solution

A

The red blood cells water travels out of the it and it collapses

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3
Q

What happens when a plant cell is in more concentrated solution

A

The plant cells water travels out of it and it shrinks but does not collapse because of the cell wall

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4
Q

What happens when a plant cell is in more dilute solution

A

Water goes into the plant cell and it swells up but does not burst because of the cell wall

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5
Q

What is concentration

A

The measure of the number of particles of a solute in the solution

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6
Q

What is distilled water

A

Pure water

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7
Q

What is miscible liquids

A

Liquids that dissolve in each other

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8
Q

What is the net movement

A

Overall movement

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9
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane

A

A membrane which let’s some substances pass through, but not others

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10
Q

What are pores

A

The holes in the partially permeable membrane

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11
Q

What is a solution

A

A solid or gas dissolved in a liquid. Or two miscible liquids dissolved

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12
Q

What is a solute

A

A dissolved substance in a solution

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13
Q

What is a solvent

A

The liquid used for dissolving

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14
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of particles against the concentration gradient (from low to high) through a partially permeable membrane. Energy released from respiration is required

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15
Q

Examples of active transport?

A

Glucose in an animal cell (small intestine and kidney also)

Mineral ions into route hair cells

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16
Q

Why is active transport necessary?

A

Cells may need to absorb substances which are in short supply (shorter supply than the cell has in it’s supply)

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17
Q

What happens in your body while you exercise?

A

Glucose is used when your muscles respire to release energy. When the body becomes hot, you sweat more to cool down meaning you lose water and mineral ions

18
Q

What are the three basic ingredients in sports drinks?

A

Water, sugar and mineral ions

19
Q

What are sports drinks designed to do?

A

Balance the concentration of body fluids and concentration inside cells

If the drink concentration matches the body fluids, the solution is called isotonic

20
Q

What do scientists think of sports drinks?

A

Some think water is more effective, others think it is better because of the sugars and mineral ions. The general consensus is that is is only effective when exercising for a long period of time

21
Q

What is an exchange surface and give an example?

A

A surface on which materials are exchanged

Oxygen is absorbed by the lungs and carbon dioxide is removed from them (the gaseous exchange surface)

22
Q

What are qualities of an efficient exchange surface?

A

Large surface area, thin walls (short diffusion path), an efficient transport system

23
Q

What qualities does the lungs have that makes it so efficient?

A

Surface area increased by the alveoli (air sacks)

Ventilated to maintain a steep diffusion gradient

24
Q

Describe the process of gaseous exchange of the breathing system? (Detail)

A

Oxygen diffuses into the many capillaries surrounding the alveoli and carbon dioxide diffuses back out into the lungs to be breathes out

25
Q

Where are the lungs situated?

A

In the thorax, inside the rib age and above the diaphragm which separates the lungs from the abdomen

26
Q

What happens when we breath in?

A

The intercostal muscles (between ribs and diaphragm) contract
The ribcage moves up and out
The diaphragm flattens
The thorax’s volume increases and pressure decreases

27
Q

What happens when we breath out?

A

The intercostal muscles (between the ribs and diaphragm) relax
The ribcage moves down
The diaphragm becomes domed
The thorax’s volume decreases and pressure increases

28
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

A strong sheet of muscle that separates the thorax and digestive organs, used to change the volume of the chest during ventilation of the lungs

29
Q

What is ventilation? (In terms of lungs)

A

The movement of air in and out of the lungs

30
Q

Give three reasons why someone cannot get enough oxygen into their blood stream?

A

If the alveoli is damaged (surface area decreased)
Tubes leading to lungs narrowed
Person is paralysed, muscles for ribcage will not work

31
Q

What are the three types of breathing aid? (Brief description)

A

~Iron lung - for people with polio or paralysed, a machine (metal cylinder) acts as your lungs and muscles
~Breathing aids - force measured amounts of air into the lungs to create a positive pressure (bag of air mask)
~Positive pressure aids - a smaller, more practical version of breathing aids

32
Q

What is the exchange surface for food molecules? Describe

A

The villi, lining of the inner surface of the small intestine.
They are finger like projections which greatly incense the surface area, the walls are very thin with many capillaries close to them

33
Q

Describe the exchange of food molecules in the gut?

A

Food is digested in the gut into soluble molecules which are then absorbed into the blood in the small intestine. Diffusion or active transport takes place on the exchange surface that is the villi

34
Q

What is a stomata and what does it mainly do?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse (not very far because of the thinness) in and out of leaves through tiny holes called stomata. They size of them are controlled by guard cells (which surround them).
The movement of the gasses depend on what process (photosynthesis or respiration) is taking place most quickly

35
Q

Why is oxygen needed in plants?

A

For respiration and is a waste product of photosynthesis

36
Q

Why is carbon dioxide needed in plants?

A

For photosynthesis and is a waste product of respiration

37
Q

What else does the stomata do, besides gas exchange?

A

Plants lose water vapour from leaf cells through the stomata due to evaporation in leaves

38
Q

What happens if plants lose water faster than the roots replace it?

A

The stomata can close to prevent willing

39
Q

What is the transpiration system?

A

The movement of water through the plant

40
Q

What inhances water evaporation in leaves?

A

Hot, dry, bright or windy conditions

41
Q

What can the guard cell do to prevent water loss in plants?

A

Can close or the leaves can wilt or collapse down to prevent water loss,

42
Q

What can a potometer measure?

A

The uptake of water by a plant with different conditions

Biology (11 decks)

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