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Nutrition 3330 > 3 Biotin Pantacid > Flashcards

3 Biotin Pantacid Flashcards

1
Q

Biotin family of vitamins?

A

B vitamins

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2
Q

Biotin is found in

A

Egg whites

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3
Q

Egg White Injury

A

Eating raw egg white cause deficiency

  • dermatitis (rash, red scaley, around eyes, nose and mouth)
  • hair loss (thinning or colour loss)
  • neurological abnormalities (depression, hallucinations, parethesia of extremities)
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4
Q

What bind biotin in raw egg white

A

Avidin

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5
Q

Biotin Structure

A

bicyclic compound

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6
Q

3 structural features of free-biotin

A
  1. ureido ring
  2. Sulfer Ring
  3. Valeric Acid Sidechain

**OH #9

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7
Q

Name of protein bound biotin

- What is bound?

A

Biocytin

- Boitin plus lysine

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8
Q

Biotin binds to enzymes via?

A

Lysine

holocarboxylase

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9
Q

In food, biotin is bound to

A

Proteins

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10
Q

What cleaves biocytin from proteins in foods?

A

Proteases

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11
Q

What cleaves Biocytin to form Biotin and Lysine

A

Biotinidase

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12
Q

What inhibits the absorption of biotin?

A

Avidin

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13
Q

What form of biotin is absorbed?

A

Free biotin (released from lysine)

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14
Q

Biotinidase

A

cleaves biocytin to biotin plus lysine

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15
Q

Absorption of biotin occurs?

A

Intestine

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16
Q

3 metabolic functions of biotin

A
  1. part of coenzyme for carboxylases
  2. CO2 donor to substrates
  3. CO2 fixation reactions
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17
Q

4 unique enzymes that depend on Biotin

- what reactions are they involved in?

A
  1. Pyruvate Carboxylase
    - glucose metabolism
    - gluconeogenesis
    - regenerates OAA for TCA cycle
  2. Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
    - FA synthesis
  3. Propionyl CoA Carboxylase
    - source of energy - entry to TCA cycle
  4. 3-methylcrotonyl CoA Carboxylase
    - AA metabolism; leucin degredation
  • ALL carboxylase
  • *OH 10
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18
Q

Holocarboxylase

A

term to describe biotin-dependent enzymes with biotin attached to them

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19
Q

*** Holocarboxylase Synthase

A

needed to attach biotin to the lysine residue of the enzyme

–> forms holocarboxylase

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20
Q

what does TPN stand for?

A

Total Parenteral Nutrition

- used as solution when body needs nutrients without eating

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21
Q

3 causes of biotin deficiency?

A 
decreased intake
decreased absorption (avidin)
Deficiency in enzymes
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22
Q

Deficiency in what enzymes would cause biotin deficiency?

A

Biotinidase

Holocarboxylase Synthase

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23
Q

Holocarboxylase Synthase Deficiency propsed to play a role in what other deficiency ?

A

SIDS

  • single carboxylase deficiency
  • multiple carboxylase deficiency
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24
Q

Problems with “pyruvate carboxylase def” resulting from biotin def?

A
  • decreased gluconeogenesis
  • increased pyruvate and lactate (substrates that form glucose)
  • less glucose produced
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25
Q

Problems with “Acetyl-CoA carboxylase def” resulting from biotin def?

A
  • Acetyl-CoA buildup; risk of ketosis

- Impaired serum lipids

26
Q

Ketosis

A

Ketone bodies used for energy

- can lead to Ketoacidosis; blood acididty

27
Q

Urinary Metabolites for diagnostics

A

Accumulate biotin substrates

  • beta-methylcrotonate
  • beta-hydroxyisovalerate (leucine catabolism intermediate)
  • beta-hydroxypropionate
  • sometimes lactate
28
Q

Composition tables with Biotin

A

Not a lot of information about Biotin on composition tables

29
Q

Foods containing biotin

A

liver
whole grain cereals
nuts, legumes, peanut butter

*litte in fruit/veges
low info on composition tables

30
Q

*** Biotin synthesized in?

A

*** intestinal bacteria

31
Q

How much biotin can be absorbed?

32
Q

T/F

Urine and decal amounts have more biotin than dietary amounts?

33
Q

Prebiotic

A

Promotes probiotics

34
Q

Implications on long term antibiotic use?

A
  • wipe out intestinal bacteria (*** synthesizes biotin)
  • digestive health
  • pro and prebiotics
35
Q

Biotin requirement affected by?

A
  • amount of raw egg white
  • biotinidase deficiency
  • drug interactions; anticonvulsants, biotin depletion
  • Pregnancy increases requirements
  • pro and prebiotics
36
Q

how many biotin dependant enzymes are their?

A

4 * all end in “carboxylase”

pyruvate, acetyl CoA, propionyl CoA, and 3-methylcrotonyl CoA carboxylase

37
Q

Name of the group of biotin dependent enzymes

A

holocarboxylase

38
Q

TPN

A

Total parenteral nutrition

39
Q

Pantothenic Acid absorption

A

found in many bound forms
intestinal enzymes cleave free pantothenic acid for absorption

(similar to biocytin)

40
Q

Important structural feature of Pantothenic Acid coenzymes structures

A

SH (thiol) group

- big focus on sulfur

41
Q

***Pantothenic Acid coenzyme forms

A 
Coenzyme A (CoA)
Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)

both contain SH (thiol) group
* complicated structures

42
Q

Reactions PantAcid coenzymes are involved in

A

Directly involved biochemical reactions

43
Q

Coenzyme A synthesized from

A

pantothenic acid
cysteine
ATP

44
Q

CoA alternate abbreviation

A

CoASH

- stresses the importance of SH

45
Q

Structure features of CoA

A
  • sulfhydryl tail
    pantothenic acid
    ribose 3-phosphate
    adenine
  • action happens here
46
Q

Metabolic role of CoA

A
  • Transfers 2 carbon groups (acyl transfer reactions)
  • Connects to SH groups
  • Central nutrient in metabolism (Acetyl CoA)

(many anabolic/catabolic fates)

47
Q

Anabolic + Catabolic fates of CoA

A

TCA
cholesterol synthesis
acetylation reactions (drugs)
FA oxidation

48
Q

Vitamin part of CoA

A

pantothenic acid

49
Q

4 examples of CoA transfering acetyl groups

A

oxidative decarboxylation (ex. TCA)
- pyruvate –> acetyl CoA
- alpha-ketoglutarate –> succinyl CoA
(other vits involved?)

FA oxidation (beta-oxidation)
- degradation to acetyl-CoA

Ketone body formation

Synthetic Reactions
- cholesterol synthesis HMG CoA

50
Q

Prothetic group

A

Tightly bound, needed for biological function of protein

- opposed to coenzymes, loosely bound

51
Q

Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)

- prosthetic group?

A

Coenzyme form of pantothenic acid

- pantothenic acid is a prosthetic group of ACP

52
Q

Reactive feature of ACP

- where is it from?

A

SH

- from cysteine

53
Q

ACP part of what enzyme complex?

A

Fatty acid synthase

- needed for the addition of acyl groups to intermediates to make palmitate

54
Q

Acyl group

A

O
=
R - C - R

55
Q

Metabolic role of ACP

A

FA synthesis

  • ACP part of FA synthase complex
  • acts as a chaperone

ACP added to complex when fat needed (ACP synthetase)
ACP removed fat not needed (ACP hydrolase)

56
Q

What does pentose phosphate pathway produce that is needed for fatty acid synthesis? (Vitamin)

A

NADPH (Niacin)

also pentose - don’t need to know

57
Q

Pantothenic Acid food sources

A

Widespread

  • animal sources (liver, meats, milk)
  • whole grains
  • legumes
58
Q

Pantothenic acid def. side affects

A

Burning feet syndrome

  • WWII prisoners poor nutrition
  • pain in toes and feet

not enough known
- found in many foods, deficiency is rare

59
Q

Pantothenic Acid other name

60
Q

Pantothenic acid uses beyond basic nutrition

A

Wound treatment (oral and topical)

Cholesterol Lowering

  • Pantethine (synthetic form)
  • Hemodialysis patients (bc of low toxicity level)

Nutrition 3330 (22 decks)

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