3 b - Cell Biology Other Structures & Transport Flashcards
What is a stem cell?
Any cell capable of replication.
What is Pleuripotency?
The variety of cell types that a particular stem cell can make.
What is the development or maturation of cells taking on a final specialized form?
differentiation
When cells revert back to a less specialized form it is called ____
dedifferentiation
What are the three types of cell death?
apoptosis
necrosis
autolysis
Which cell death is considered the normal mode of death in tissue?
apoptosis
Describe necrosis
Uncontrolled cell death; injury
____ is the intential self destruction of a cell.
autolysis
____ juctions have interlocking junctional proteins
Interlocking
Interlocking cells prevent fluid and most molecules from moving between True or False
True
Anchoring junctions binding like “velcro” are called ____
desmosomes
Clusters of connexon protein channels are called ___
gap juctions
What are gap junctions used for
for intercellular communication
What are connexons
paired “donut” channels found in clusters (aka gap junctions)
___ form cytoplasmic channels between neighboring cells
connexon proteins
What does cytoskeleton provide for the cell?
it is the protein “skeleton” of the cell. Provides shalpe and internal organization.
____ are hollow tubes made of tublin used for scaffolding, transport, cell division, cilia, and flagellae.
microtubles
What are filaments made of?
actin
What is the importance of microvilli within the cytoskeleton? Are they motile?
Increases surface area below the plasma membrane. Nonmotile.
What is the purpose of centrioles?
to serve as a template for making cilia or flagellae.
Are cilia or microvilli longer?
cilia
___ are surface proteins that specifically bind chemical signal molecules and oftern activatre second messenger system which activate molecular pathways
Receptors
What is the function of immune identity tags?
Recoginizes cells as being “self” vs. foreign.
___ traps microbes; usually contains antimicrobial defense molecules.
Mucoproteins
___ transport net movement is along an existing concentration gradient - No ATP
passive transport
Does simple diffusion involve proteins?
No
Does facilitated difusion involve proteins?
Yes, ion channels and facilitated transporters
Active transport is ATP dependent and moves ____ concentration gradients
Against
What is the driving force of simple diffusion?
the concentration gradient across a membrane that causes direct movement of very small uncharged molecules
Carrier mediated and Channel mediated are types of _____ diffusion
facilitated
Osmosis is a unique property of ____
water
Osmosis can use simple and facilitated diffusion T or F
True
Polar molecules are transported ____ by ____ proteins
passively; transmembrane proteins (carriers or channels)
what are the two types of protein channels?
leakage channels (ungated) and gated channels ( controlled by chemical signal or electrical charge)
** Be able to recoginize and distinguish between symport, antiport, and uniport**
Uniport:
A —>
Symport:
A—>
B—>
Antiport:
A—>
__cytosis fuses a vesicle with a membrane
exocytosis
__cytosis involves pulling a vesicle or large membrane compartment out of a larger compartment.
endocytosis
exocytosis is the most common mechanism of _____.
secretion
___ secretion tightens a loops around a section of cytoplasm to pinch off
apocrine secretion
____ secretion involve vesicles from Golgi or endocytosis and are snared and fuse in the presence of Ca++ ions
merocrine secretion
___ secretion involves the entire cell and its contents and is released into ducts/passageways
holcrine secretion
What is consctructed to pull in a small vesicle?
What happens once it is pulled out?
Clathrin coats pull in small vesicles.
Once pulled out, the clathrin proteins are disassembled and reused.
What involves ‘Scooping” up a volume of extracellular fluid/materials and is pinched off from the membrane (phagocytosis)
rearrangement of the cytoskeleton
___ uses endocytosis, clathrin proteins, vesicular trnasport and Ca++ fusion and exocytosis
Transcytosis
___ are special vesicles that do not leave the cell and release digestive enxymes
Lysosomes
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Learn active transport**
https: //www.researchgate.net/figure/Sodium-Potassium-pump-which-uses-ATP-to-pump-sodium-ions-out-of-the-cell-The-hydrolysis_fig2_273751706
cell uses ATP to pump ions or molecules against their concentration gradient
intestine is filled with potential pathogens. What would you put between cells to prevent a bacterium from crossing the intestinal barrier?
Mucus membrane
What cytoskeletal protein structures also make up cilia?
Microtubules
How are motile and nonmotilecilia structurally different?
Motile cilia generate nodal flow whereas nonmotile cilia sense the flow.
Identify a cellular organelle that may function a lot like an antenna.
Primary cilium
why are ion transporters important to the operation of ciliated membranes?
It regulates the viscosity and volume of the fulid layer – when this malfunctions contributes to cystic fibrosis
An inflammatory protein can get into the brain, even though it is too large to be moved by a protein transporter. What process is used to carry it across the epithelial cells that line capillary vessels? __
Endocytosis
one cell can send ions or small molecules to neighboring bone cells via clusters of connexin channels called ___
gap junctions
What is secondary transport? How is it different from primary?
Secondary transport is derived from the ionic concentration gradient; primary transport establishes the ionic gradient
what do we call the process by which a damaged red blood cell is removed by being engulfed by a white blood cell
phagocytosis
