2 - Macromolecules Flashcards
Where are hydroxyl groups found in?
Alcohols and sugars
Where are carboxyl groups found?
Amino acids, fatty acids
Where are Aminos found?
Amino acids, proteins
Where is Sulfihydryl found?
Amino acid cysteine, proteins
Where is phosphate found?
ATP, nucleic acids
Name the functional group:
O-H
Hydroxyl
Name the Functional Group:
C-O=O-N
Carboxyl
Name the Functional Group:
N-C-C
Amino
Name the Functional Group:
S-H
Sulfihydryl
Name the Functional Group:
P-O-O-O-O -H-H
Phosphate
What is the composition of carbohydrates?
based on CH2O
What is the composition of lipids?
High CH content
What is the composition of proteins?
based on amino acids
What is the composition of nucleic acids?
based on nucleotides
What is the monomer and polymer of proteins?
amino acids (20 types);
polypeptides
What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates?
monosaccharide (glucose);
polysaccharide (glycogen, maltose)
What is the monomer and polymer of nucleic acid?
nucleotides, mononucleotides;
polynucleotides (DNA RNA)
What are the monomers and polymers of lipids?
None.
Describe the dehydration synthesis reaction.
when monomers join to form polymers and a water molecule is released and forms a covalent bond
Describe the hydrolysis reaction.
When polymers break into monomers taking in a water molecule in order to break the covalent bond
What is used to store glucose in animal cells?
Glycogen
What is glucose storage in plants?
Starch
Where is glycogen stored in our body?
Liver and skeletal muscle
What is a glycoprotein?
membrane proteins with an attached polysaccharide
What is a mucoprotein?
glycoproteins on all internal tissue surfaces exposed to the outside environment -
aka mucus membranes
What are goblet cells?
Mucus secreting cells allong the mucus membrane surface
What do submucosal mucus glands do?
Empties onto mucus membrane surfaces
What are the characteristics of lipids?
Non polar
Many C H bonds
Does not dissolve in water
what is the acid and alkyl part of a fatty acid?
the carboxyl acid group COOH or COO is the acid
CH chain is alkyl - the “fatty” part
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated FA
- forms the max # of hydrogen bonds.
- Lacks double bonds; rigid
-Associated with cholesterol and membrane raft formation.
_________________________
Unsaturated FA
- contain one or more double bonds in the CH chain
- causes kinking and wild swinging
What is used to make triglycerides and phospholipids?
a Glycerol backbone
How many FA are attached to triglycerides and phospholipids?
3; 2
How are FA’s attached and detached?
dehydration; hydrolysis
What are adipocytes made of?
triglycerides aka fat cells
What do phospholipids form?
the phospholipid bilayer
What is the raft composition
phospholipids with stiff, saturated tails with cholesterol in between.
What is the primary structure of proteins
the order of amino acids
What is the secondary structure of proteins
helical coils, or parallel strands “beta sheets” – makes hydrogen bonds with neighboring amino acids
What is the tertiary structure of proteins
the major bends along the peptide chain – the overall folding
What is the quaternary structure of proteins
refers to proteins made of more than one polypeptide chain.
what is the functional part of a protein
the domain
what are the DNA bases?
AGCT
What are the RNA bases?
AGCU
what does an enzyme do
speeds up chemical reactions. It is a catalyst.
