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A&P 1 Lecture Topics > 2 - Macromolecules > Flashcards

2 - Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Where are hydroxyl groups found in?

A

Alcohols and sugars

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2
Q

Where are carboxyl groups found?

A

Amino acids, fatty acids

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3
Q

Where are Aminos found?

A

Amino acids, proteins

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4
Q

Where is Sulfihydryl found?

A

Amino acid cysteine, proteins

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5
Q

Where is phosphate found?

A

ATP, nucleic acids

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6
Q

Name the functional group:

O-H

A

Hydroxyl

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7
Q

Name the Functional Group:

C-O=O-N

A

Carboxyl

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8
Q

Name the Functional Group:

N-C-C

A

Amino

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9
Q

Name the Functional Group:

S-H

A

Sulfihydryl

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10
Q

Name the Functional Group:

P-O-O-O-O -H-H

A

Phosphate

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11
Q

What is the composition of carbohydrates?

A

based on CH2O

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12
Q

What is the composition of lipids?

A

High CH content

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13
Q

What is the composition of proteins?

A

based on amino acids

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14
Q

What is the composition of nucleic acids?

A

based on nucleotides

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15
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of proteins?

A

amino acids (20 types);

polypeptides

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16
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharide (glucose);

polysaccharide (glycogen, maltose)

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17
Q

What is the monomer and polymer of nucleic acid?

A

nucleotides, mononucleotides;

polynucleotides (DNA RNA)

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18
Q

What are the monomers and polymers of lipids?

A

None.

19
Q

Describe the dehydration synthesis reaction.

A

when monomers join to form polymers and a water molecule is released and forms a covalent bond

20
Q

Describe the hydrolysis reaction.

A

When polymers break into monomers taking in a water molecule in order to break the covalent bond

21
Q

What is used to store glucose in animal cells?

A

Glycogen

22
Q

What is glucose storage in plants?

A

Starch

23
Q

Where is glycogen stored in our body?

A

Liver and skeletal muscle

24
Q

What is a glycoprotein?

A

membrane proteins with an attached polysaccharide

25
Q

What is a mucoprotein?

A

glycoproteins on all internal tissue surfaces exposed to the outside environment -

aka mucus membranes

26
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Mucus secreting cells allong the mucus membrane surface

27
Q

What do submucosal mucus glands do?

A

Empties onto mucus membrane surfaces

28
Q

What are the characteristics of lipids?

A

Non polar
Many C H bonds
Does not dissolve in water

29
Q

what is the acid and alkyl part of a fatty acid?

A

the carboxyl acid group COOH or COO is the acid

CH chain is alkyl - the “fatty” part

30
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated FA

  • forms the max # of hydrogen bonds.
  • Lacks double bonds; rigid

-Associated with cholesterol and membrane raft formation.
_________________________
Unsaturated FA

  • contain one or more double bonds in the CH chain
  • causes kinking and wild swinging
31
Q

What is used to make triglycerides and phospholipids?

A

a Glycerol backbone

32
Q

How many FA are attached to triglycerides and phospholipids?

A

3; 2

33
Q

How are FA’s attached and detached?

A

dehydration; hydrolysis

34
Q

What are adipocytes made of?

A

triglycerides aka fat cells

35
Q

What do phospholipids form?

A

the phospholipid bilayer

36
Q

What is the raft composition

A

phospholipids with stiff, saturated tails with cholesterol in between.

37
Q

What is the primary structure of proteins

A

the order of amino acids

38
Q

What is the secondary structure of proteins

A

helical coils, or parallel strands “beta sheets” – makes hydrogen bonds with neighboring amino acids

39
Q

What is the tertiary structure of proteins

A

the major bends along the peptide chain – the overall folding

40
Q

What is the quaternary structure of proteins

A

refers to proteins made of more than one polypeptide chain.

41
Q

what is the functional part of a protein

A

the domain

42
Q

what are the DNA bases?

A

AGCT

43
Q

What are the RNA bases?

A

AGCU

44
Q

what does an enzyme do

A

speeds up chemical reactions. It is a catalyst.

A&P 1 Lecture Topics (11 decks)

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