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Scientific method chapter 1-5 > 3,4 ,7 > Flashcards

3,4 ,7 Flashcards

1
Q

data collection

A

gathering empirical evidence through experiments or observations

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2
Q

theory formation

A

broader explanation based on multiple confirmed hypotheses

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3
Q

sampling bias

A

when the sample studied doesnt represent the population being studied

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4
Q

h. pylori

A

a bacteria that causes PUD

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5
Q

null hypothesis

A

assumes no effect or relationship between variables

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6
Q

type 1 error

A

false positive. rejecting a true null hypothesis

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7
Q

type 2 error

A

false negative. failing to reject a false hypothesis

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8
Q

research problem

A

objective/ process that needs be studied

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9
Q

critical review

A

topic needs to be THOUROUGHLY looked at

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10
Q

naturalistic observation

A

studies that describes how something works in a natural setting

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11
Q

scientific modeling

A

predicts results based on simulations of the real work.
- model is used when actual phenomena is hard to study
- modeling is limited because of removal of real world manipulation variables

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12
Q

non experimental research

A

studies general features of events, categories or places. Does not tamper with what is being observed.
- descriptive. describe a natural phenomenon
- not meant to be test predictions

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13
Q

extraneous variables

A

MAY influence the results of an experiment but is NOT meant to

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14
Q

Sampling bias

A

Happens when the sample is not a representation of the general population

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15
Q

psychological bias

A

an effect on results due to the study being conducted

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16
Q

experimenter bias

A

treating paitents differently

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17
Q

quantitative analysis

A

using #’s to look at data.
- shows the relationship between variables that allows generalization of the results to a larger population
- usually needs a big population or unit

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18
Q

qualitative analysis

A

no numbers.
- usually has smaller sample sizes and lacks generalizabiliy

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19
Q

positive results

A

supports hypotheses

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20
Q

Results are?

A

objective

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21
Q

hypotheses and discussions are

A

subjective

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22
Q

what makes research an experiement

A

if it follows experimental design

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23
Q

significance level

A

level of error that is acceptable.
- written as decimal and gives % chance that the results are in error

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24
Q

prostate specific antigen (PSA) test

A

looks at proteins for prostate cancer in blood.
- significance level is .2 (acceptable) and are wrong 20% of the time

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25
variance and standard deviation are
measures of dispersion
26
behavioral genetics
study of genetic components of behavior
27
central distribution
one value reprsents centerpoint of data set
28
null and real hypothesis are
opposite
29
monozygotic twins
identical
30
correlation coefficient
represented with (r) as a common index of the linear relationship between variables
31
scatterplot
closer correlation is positive or negative the stronger the linear relationship
32
estimated omega squared
shows how strong the relationship is between groups being compard and the overall differences in data - primary reason for using this: so research studies that have different sample sizes can be directly compared and is not affected by sample size
33
residual variation
degree to which X and Y are separated from a linear correlation & calculating the value
34
correlation does not
equal causation
35
scalar transformations
changes made to scales on a graph to manipulate the appearance of results
36
interpolation
process of making generalizations between data points in a graph or table. -when a line is made interpolation is made
37
extrapolation
predicting beyond data on the graph - based on trends shown by data
38
T test
detecting a difference between 2 groups statistically
39
analysis of variance (ANOVA)
statistical test that seperates observed variance data to different components to use for additional tests - Wants to reduce extraneous variable effects by comparing the means of three or more groups in an experimental design
40
F ratio
compares variance between different groups to the variance in groups. - the results of the test give what is termed
41
streptococcus
- used in microbiological research - variation between individual bacterial organisms is much smaller compared to humans
42
central tendency
mean, median, mode describe center of data set
43
variance
measures spread of data points around mean
44
ANOVA isolates how many sources?
Anova isolates 2 sources within data. -1. the effects of the independent variable and unavoidable effects of the experimental error 2. reflecting the effects of experimental error alone
45
more variation in a group equals
weaker results
46
minimizing individual differences between subjects...
helps isolate the effects of the independent variable
47
treatment for ulcer
10-14 day regime of triple therapy pumping proteins and getting bad bacteria out
48
What s PUD?
Peptic ulcer disease
49
discussion must haves:
- objective results - subjective hypothesis - data interpretation - valid info from results - answeres questions where future research would go - confirms/ refutes what is known -alternative explanation of data collection
50
John ziman made?
CUDOS -COMMUNISM -UIVERSALISM -DISINTEREDNESS - ORIGINIALITY - SKEPTISCISM
51
communism
knowledge is for everyone
52
universalism
science does not judge
53
disinteredness
pure reasons for doing reaserch. FOR THE KNOWLEDGE
54
originality
bring something new to the table
55
typical path
graduate SCHOOL, dissertation, postdoc, tenure
56
challenges
anonymity and jealousy can disrupt peer review
57
invisible communitydissertation
first project of a PHD
58
invisible community
collogues that do peer review (same field)
59
peer review
process of emerging research
60
3 ways to present new scientific info
1. refereed 2. presentations 3. scholarly books
61
refreed
judged by peers with knowledge in the same subarea
62
SCHOLARLY BOOKS
written to integrate the refined ideas from presentation and publication
63
postdoc
a year or more of postdoctoral employment
64
distributions
dispersion of numbers around the mean

Scientific method chapter 1-5 (6 decks)

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