3-2 Vocab

Question 1

Allosteric Regulation

Answer 1

The binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site

Question 2

Acetyl CoA

Answer 2

Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a two-carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Question 3

Cellular Respiration

Answer 3

The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP

Question 4

Reducing Agent

Answer 4

The electron donor in a redox reaction

Question 5

Electron Transport Chain

Answer 5

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP

Question 6

Oxidizing Agent

Answer 6

The electron acceptor in a redox reaction

Question 7

Chemiosmosis

Answer 7

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Under aerobic conditions, most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by chemiosmosis

Question 8

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Answer 8

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to lactate, regenerating NAD+ with no release of carbon dioxide

Question 9

Reduction

Answer 9

The complete or partial addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction

Question 10

Redox Reactions

Answer 10

A chemical reaction involving the complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another; short for reduction-oxidation reaction

Question 11

Substrate-level Phosphorylation

Answer 11

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism

Question 12

Alcohol Fermentation

Answer 12

Glycolysis followed by the reduction of pyruvate to ethyl alcohol, regenerating NAD-plus and releasing carbon dioxide

Question 13

ATP Synthase

Answer 13

A complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases are found in the inner mitochondrial membranes of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membranes of prokaryotes

Question 14

Glycolysis

Answer 14

A series of reactions that ultimately splits glucose into pyruvate. Glycolysis occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration

Question 15

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 15

The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration

Question 16

Oxidation

Answer 16

The complete or partial loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Question 17

Aerobic Respiration

Answer 17

A catabolic pathway for organic molecules, using oxygen as the final electron acceptor in an electron transport chain and ultimately producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms

Question 18

Citric Acid Cycle

Answer 18

A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA (derived from pyruvate) to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration

Question 19

Fermentation

Answer 19

A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic molecules) without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

Question 20

Light Reactions

Answer 20

The first of two major stages in photosynthesis (preceding the Calvin cycle). These reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing oxygen in the process