2-2 Vocab

Question 1

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 1

An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the endoplasmic reticulum and synthesize some products, notably noncellulose carbohydrates

Question 2

Chromatin

Answer 2

The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope

Question 3

Basal Body

Answer 3

A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of a “9 plus 0” arrangement of microtubule triplets. The basal body may organize the microtubule assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole

Question 4

Prokaryotic Cell

Answer 4

A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes

Question 5

Cytoskeleton

Answer 5

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm and serves a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions

Question 6

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 6

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes

Question 7

Plastids

Answer 7

One of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts. Plastids are found in the cells of photosynthesis eukaryotes

Question 8

Mitochondria

Answer 8

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

Question 9

Central Vacuole

Answer 9

In a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances

Question 10

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 10

In a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 11

Phagocytosis

Answer 11

A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells)

Question 12

Nucleolus

Answer 12

A specialized structure in the nucleus consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Question 13

Flagella

Answer 13

A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9 plus 2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. Prokaryotic flagella have a different structure

Question 14

Cilia

Answer 14

A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cilium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; it is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9 plus 2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. A primary cilium is usually nonmotile and plays a sensory and signaling role; it lacks the two inner microtubules (the “9 plus 0” arrangement)

Question 15

Exocytosis

Answer 15

The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane

Question 16

Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Answer 16

The movement of specific molecules into a cell by the inward budding of vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in; enables a cell to acquire bulk quantities of specific substances

Question 17

Pinocytosis

Answer 17

A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved ions

Question 18

Local regulators

Answer 18

A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted

Question 19

Reception

Answer 19

The binding of a signaling molecule to a receptor protein, activating the receptor by causing it to change shape

Question 20

Proton pump

Answer 20

An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process