3-2. Principles of Molecular Movement

Question 1

What are the two major types of movement?

Answer 1

passive - no energy input needed - high > low

active - requires energy/ATP - low > high

Question 2

What are the types of passive processes?

Answer 2

diffusion
osmosis
filtration

Question 3

What are the types of active processes?

Answer 3

primary active transport
secondary active transport
vesicular transport

Question 4

diffusion

Answer 4

passive movement of molecules from areas of high to low concentration

Question 5

dynamic equilibrium

Answer 5

molecules have distributed themselves evenly in the available space, no longer “net movement”

Question 6

simple diffusion

Answer 6

small electrically neutral molecule readily diffusive across bylayer (eg. O^2)

Question 7

facilitated diffusion

Answer 7

large or lipid-insoluble molecules need help of integral proteins that function as channels or carriers (eg. glucose)

Question 8

osmosis

Answer 8

diffusion of water across a membrane - water passes through, solutes are blocked

Question 9

concentration gradient

Answer 9

water moving from high to low concentrations - affected by the amount of solutes dissolved on either side of the membrane

Question 10

solutes ___ water towards them

Answer 10

“solutes suck”

Question 11

as the solute concentration increase, the water concentration ___.

Answer 11

decreases

Question 12

tonicity

Answer 12

ability of a solution to change shape/tone of cells by altering water volume

Question 13

isotonic

Answer 13

the two solutions have equal concentrations of solutes; no net movement of water

Question 14

hypotonic

Answer 14

the solution has less solutes (and more water)

Question 15

hypertonic

Answer 15

the solution has more solutes (and less water)

Question 16

Cell 1 is 30% salt, cell 2 is 10% salt. Cell 1 is ____ to cell 2. Water will move ___ to cell 1.

Answer 16

hypertonic; into

Question 17

hemolysis

Answer 17

a red blood cell placed into a hypotonic environment, the cell will swell until its membrane ruptures

Question 18

crenation

Answer 18

red blood cell placed into a hypertonic environment, the cell will shrivel

Question 19

A human cell (.9% solutes) is placed into a beaker of distilled water (0% solutes). What happens?

Answer 19

hemolysis - water goes into the cell by osmosis, causing it to burst

Question 20

A patient with an edema might be given a ___ IV to draw excess water out of the tissue.

Answer 20

hypertonic

Question 21

A severly dehydrated patient may be given a ___ IV to help rehydrate tissues.

Answer 21

hypotonic

Question 22

This form of transportation moves substances from low to high concentrations.

Answer 22

active transport

Question 23

This form of transportation moves substances from high to low concentration.

Answer 23

passive transport

Question 24

filtration

Answer 24

the process that forces water and solutes through a membrane wall by hydrostatic pressure; driving force is a pressure gradient

Question 25

This form of transport moves water through a concentration gradient from high to low.

Answer 25

osmosis

Question 26

This form of transport moves water and solutes through a pressure gradient from high to low

Answer 26

filtration

Question 27

These two particles are held back during filtration

Answer 27

blood cells and plasma protein molecules

Question 28

Filtration occurs through ___ walls.

Answer 28

capillary

Question 29

primary active transport

Answer 29

an integral protein receives an energy boost from ATP that allows it to pump a specific solute across the membrane against the concentration gradient (from low to high)

Question 30

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 30

simultaneously pumps Na+ out and K+ back in, used in primary active transport

Question 31

Na+-K+ ATPase

Answer 31

enzyme carrier used with the sodium potassium pump during primary active transport

Question 32

secondary active transport

Answer 32

aka “coupled transport”

coupled transport of two solutes across a membrane; energy supplied by an ion gradient created by primary active solute pump

Question 33

vesicular transport

Answer 33

how large molecules move in and out of cells

Question 34

What are the two types of vesicular transport?

Answer 34

endocytosis and exocytosis

Question 35

exocytosis

Answer 35

process where large molecules are moved out of a cell; substance removed first enters a secretory vessical, migrates to plasma membrane, fuses with it and then ruptures

Question 36

endocytosis

Answer 36

process where large molecules move into a cell; region of plasma membrane encloses particles near surface, then pinches off to form a vessical moving into cytoplasm

Question 37

What are the two types of endocytosis?

Answer 37

phagocytosis (cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking)

Question 38

phagocytosis

Answer 38

cell eating

Question 39

pinocytosis

Answer 39

cell drinking