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A&P 1 - Unit 1 > 2-1. Chemistry Comes Alive > Flashcards

2-1. Chemistry Comes Alive Flashcards

1
Q

compound

A

substances composed of 2 or more elements

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2
Q

What are the two classes of compounds?

A

inorganic and organic

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3
Q

List the four inorganic compounds.

A

water
acid
base
salt

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4
Q

inorganic compound (def.)

A

small molecules that usually do not contain carbon; most are held together by ionic bonds

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5
Q

What is the most important inorganic compound, that life couldn’t exist without?

A

water

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6
Q

What are 5 reasons why life cannot exist without water?

A

high specific heat (takes a lot of energy to change temperature, heats up and cools off slowly)

high heat of vaporization (a lot of heat to turn from liquid to gas (eg. sweat))

excellent solvent (dissolves a greater variety and quantity of substances)

cellular reaction (most bio molecules don’t react unless dissolved in water)

lubricant/cushioning (reduces friction)

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7
Q

acid

A

substance that releases H+ (hydrogen ions) when dissolved in water, increasing H+ content

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8
Q

base

A

substance that takes up H+, decreasing H+ content and increasing OH- content

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9
Q

salt

A

ionic compounds formed by adding an acid to a base (eg. NaCl)

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10
Q

Which inorganic compound is a proton donor?

A

acid

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11
Q

Which inorganic compound is a proton acceptor?

A

base

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12
Q

What cations and anions can a salt NOT consist of?

A

Cation not H+

Anion not OH-

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13
Q

What happens if a salt is dissolved in water?

A

Disassociates into its ions

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14
Q

electrolyte

A

substances that conduct electricity

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15
Q

What are the four types of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

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16
Q

pH Scale

A

measures the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution, based on concentration of H+

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17
Q

What is the range of the pH scale?

A

0 > acid
7 > neutral
14 > base

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18
Q

Change in one pH unit is a ___ change in degree of acidity/alkalinity

A

10x

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19
Q

Urine (pH 6) is ____ more ____ than water

A

10x; acidic

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20
Q

Ammonia (pH 11) is ____ more ____ than Tums (pH 9)

A

100x; alkaline

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21
Q

Vinegar (pH 3) is ___ more ____ than milk (pH 6)

A

1000x; acidic

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22
Q

organic compound (def)

A

large, covalently-bonded molecules with carbon backbones

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23
Q

Carbon forms _(#)__ __(type)__ bonds.

A

4 covalent

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24
Q

Which compound (organic/inorganic) decomposes easily?

A

Organic b/c of covalent bonds; good source of energy

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25
Q

Carbohydrate (def and composition)

A

sugar and starches made of the ratio: 1C, 2H, 1O (CHHO)

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26
Q

What are the types of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides

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27
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A
  1. easily used source of cellular fuel

2. structural purpose

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28
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple carbohydrate with 3-7 carbon hydrates; monomers for other carbohydrates

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29
Q

What are two examples of a monosaccharide?

A

glucose, fructose

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30
Q

disaccharides

A

double sugars, formed by covalent bonding of two simple sugers

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31
Q

What are three examples of a disaccharide?

A

sucrose (table sugar)
maltose (grain sugar)
lactose (milk sugar)

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32
Q

polysaccharides

A

many molecules of sugar linked in a long chain (polymer), and are insoluble. Ideal storage product but lack sweetness

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33
Q

What are two examples of polysaccharides?

A

starch (plant stored sugar)

glycogen (human stored sugar)

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34
Q

How do monomers combine to form polymers?

A

dehydration synthesis - chain reaction where small molecules unite to form larger ones, removing one molecule of water

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35
Q

How do polymers break down into monomers?

A

hydrolysis - decomposition; breakdown of a polymer into monomers by adding water

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36
Q 
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
glucose
sucrose
fructose
glycogen
A

sucrose

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37
Q 
Which of the following is a monosaccharide?
glucose
glycogen
lactose
sucrose
A

glucose

38
Q

What do animals store carbohydrates as?

A

glycogen

39
Q

What do plants store carbohydrates as?

A

starch

40
Q

Lipid (def and composition)

A

fats and oils, insoluble in water; made of CHO, and some P

CHOP

41
Q

What are the three types of lipids?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

42
Q

triglyceride

A

most abundant type of lipid; richest energy source, also known as neutral fat
made of 2 carbon alcohol (glycerol) with three fatty acids attached

43
Q

What are the three types of fatty acid?

A

saturated, unsaturated, transfat

44
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid where every carbon in chain is bonded to 2 H atoms; solid at room temp and common in animals (“fats”)

45
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

fatty acid where carbon is not “saturated” with hydrogen - double bonds btwn some carbon atoms; liquid at room temp and common in plants (“oils”)

46
Q

trans fats

A

oils that have been solidified with addition of H atoms

47
Q

hydrogenated

A

process of adding H atoms to a vegetable oil to create a solid

48
Q

What are 2 functions of neutral fats?

A
  1. most efficient form of stored energy - more kcal/gram than any other food
  2. insulation and padding
49
Q

phospholipids

A

glycerol backbone with two fatty acids - third carbon as a phosphate group attached

50
Q

What is the function of a phospholipid?

A

chief component of all cell membranes

51
Q

steroids

A

4 fused carbon rings form the backbone of these complex molecules

52
Q

What are the 4 types of steroids?

A

cholesterol
sex hormones
bile salts
corticosteriods

53
Q

cholesterol

A

essential for life; raw mineral of vitamin D

54
Q

sex hormones

A

estrogen and progesterone (female)

testosterone (male)

55
Q

bile salts

A

aid in digestion and absorption of fats in diet

56
Q

corticosteriods

A

hormones from adrenal gland, essential for life

57
Q

protein (def and composition)

A

large complex polymers made of C, H, O, N, and sometimes S (CHON-S)

58
Q

what is the monomer of a protein?

A

amino acids

59
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

60
Q

dipeptide

A

2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond

61
Q

polypeptide

A

long chain of 10+ amino acids

62
Q

What are the four levels of protein structure?

A

primary
secondary
tertiary
quarternary

63
Q

What is the most important level of protein structure?

A

primary level - order of the amino acids

64
Q

What are the two types of functional proteins?

A

fibrous protein and globular protein

65
Q

What are the two functions of fibrous protein?

A

structure and mechnical support

movement

66
Q

What are three examples of fibrous protein that aid in structure?

A

collagen; keratin; elastin

67
Q

What are the four functions of globular protein?

A

catalysis
transport
regulation of metabolism
body defense

68
Q

Which globular protein is responsible for catalysis?

A

enzymes - speed up biological reactions

69
Q

Which globular protein is responsible for transport?

A

hemoglobin - transport O in blood

70
Q

Which globular protein is responsible for regulation of metabolism?

A

hormones - regulate growth, development and metabolism

71
Q

Which globular protein is responsible for body defense?

A

antibodies - specialized proteins released by immune cells to destroy foreign substances

72
Q

denaturization

A

large change in temperature causing proteins to lose their 3D shape - when shape is lost, can no longer perform their specific functions

73
Q

What is the danger of a high fever?

A

proteins (enzymes) denature, and can no longer speed up biological reactions

74
Q

Nucleic acid (def and composition)

A

largest molecules in body, composed of C, H, O, N, P (CHONP); made of building blocks called nucleotides

75
Q

What are the structural elements of a nucleotide?

A
  1. pentose sugar (5 C sugar)
  2. nitrogenous base
  3. phosphate group
76
Q

Which two pentose sugars make up nucleic acids?

A

ribose or deoxyribose

77
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA and RNA

78
Q

DNA

A

genetic material that makes up chromosomes (found in nucleus)

79
Q

RNA

A

carrise out protein synthesis, translates instructions on DNA

80
Q

In DNA, adenine pairs with ___.

A

thymine

81
Q

In DNA, guanine pairs with ___.

A

cytosine

82
Q

What are the 4 structural elements of DNA?

A
  1. nucleotide building blocks form a chain, with phosphate of one linking to sugar of the next.
  2. one molecule has two chains, held together by complimentary base pairs (A-T, G-C).
  3. Resembles a ladder; rails are alternating sugar-phosphate groups, rungs are pairs of nitrogenous bases
  4. ladder twists itself into a double helix
83
Q

How is RNA’s structure different from DNA?

A
  1. RNA is a single chain of nucleotides
  2. The 5-carbon sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose
  3. RNA has uracil instead of thymine
84
Q

In DNA, cytosine pairs with ___.

A

guanine

85
Q

In DNA, thymine pairs with ___.

A

adenine

86
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate; an adenine containing RNA nucleotide to which additional phosphate groups have been added

87
Q

What form of energy is immediately usable to cells?

A

ATP - terminal phosphatre bond is broken, releasing energy for work:

ATP > ADP + P + (energy)

88
Q

Build the complimentary chain of DNA:

Chain 1: A T C A G T C G
Chain 2: ?

A

T A G T C A G C

89
Q

What type of bond is found in an organic compound?

A

covalent

90
Q

Which compound is carbon based?

A

organic compounds

91
Q

What type of bond is found in an inorganic compound?

A

ionic

A&P 1 - Unit 1 (8 decks)

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