1-1. Introduction/Directional Terms Flashcards
Anatomy
the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another
Physiology
the study of the functions of the body and its parts
What is Anatomy and Physiology, colloquially?
what do the body parts look like (Anatomy) and how do they work (Physiology)
Principle of Complimentarity
each structure in the body is designed to carry out its specific functions
Organizational Levels (define)
made of matter; highly organized; seven levels of organization
What are the levels of organization, in order?
- Atom
- Molecule
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Organism
Atom
First level;
smallest unit of an element; basic building block of matter
Molecule
Second level;
two or more atoms bonded together
Cell
third level;
smallest unit of life, made of trillions of molecules
basic building block of the body
Tissue
fourth level;
a group of similar cells that have a common function/purpose
Organ
fifth level;
distinct structure made of two or more different tissues
Organ System
sixth level;
group of organs that work together for a common purpose
Organism
seventh (final) level;
a living human being made up of 11 organ systems
matter
anything that has mass and occupies space
List all organ systems
integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive
anatomical position
standard body position: stand upright, feet flat on floor, face forward, arms at sides, palms forward
directional terms
refer to the body as if it is in the anatomical position, regardless of its actual position
List the pairs of directional terms
superior - inferior anterior - posterior medial - lateral proximal - distal superficial - deep
superior
cranial; towards the head end (“above”)
opposite of inferior
inferior
caudal; away from the head end (“below”)
opposite of superior
anterior
ventral; toward or at the front (“belly”)
opposite of posterior
posterior
dorsal; toward or at the back (“tail”)
opposite of anterior
medial
towards the midline of the body
opposite of lateral
lateral
away from the midline of the body
opposite of medial
proximal
closer to the origin (beginning) of the body part or to the point of attachment
opposite of distal
distal
further from the origin or point of attachment
opposite of proximal
superficial
external; towards the surface
opposite of deep
deep
internal; away from the surface
opposite of superficial
The ankle is ____ to the knee.
distal
The ears are ____ to the nose.
lateral
The chin is ____ to the neck
superior
The esophagus is ____ to the trachea.
posterior
The skin is ____ to the muscle.
superficial
regional names (definition)
used to designate specific areas of the body
body sections (definition)
a flat surface resulting from a cut (actual or mechanical/imaging)
List the body sections
frontal section
transverse (coronal) section
sagittal section (midsagital and parasagital)
List the types of sagittal sections
midsagittal and parasagittal
frontal section
made by a cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse section
(coronal section) - cross section made by a cut that divides the body into superior and inferior parts
sagittal section
made by a cut that divides the body into right and left parts
two types: midsagittal and parasagittal
midsagittal section
through the midline, dividing the body into equal right and left parts
parasagittal section
not through the midline, dividing the body into unequal right and left parts
body cavities (definition)
spaces inside the body containing organs and separated by bones and muscle
List the body cavities
Dorsal cavity
>cranial cavity
>spinal cavity
Ventral cavity
>thorasic cavity
-pleural cavity
-pericardial cavity
-superior mediastinu
>abdominopelvic cavity
-abdominal cavity
-pelvic cavity
dorsal cavity
smaller section near the back; composed of cranial cavity and spinal cavity
cranial cavity
superior dorsal cavity containing the brain, inside the skull
spinal cavity
inferior dorsal cavity inside of backbone
ventral cavity
large cavity near the front, contains the viscera
viscera
organs within the cavity
thorasic cavity
superior ventral cavity, commonly called the chest; superior to the diaphram, surrounded by ribcage; contains the pleural cavity, pericardial cavity, and superior mediastinum
pleural cavity
within the thorasic cavity, encloses each lung
pericardial cavity
within the thorasic cavity, encloses the heart
superior mediastinum
within the thorasic cavity, center of the thorax between the lungs
abdominopelvic cavity
inferior ventral cavity, large and inferior to the diaphram, contains the abdominal and pelvic cavities
abdominal cavity
within the abdominopelvic cavity, contains digestive viscera
pelvic cavity
within the abdominopelvic cavity, lower region within the bony pelvis containing bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs
abdominopelvic quadrants (definition)
used for locating the site of pain or tumor
List the abdominopelvic quadrants.
RUQ - right upper
LUQ - left upper
RLQ - right lower
LLQ - left lower
serous membrane
a double-walled membrane that covers the walls of the ventral body cavity and the surface of the organs it contains
What are the two types of serous membrane?
parietal serosa (outer layer, lines cavity walls) visceral serosa (inner layer, covers organs)
What membrane covers the ventral body cavity?
serous membrane
serous fluid
thin layer of lubricating fluid between the two layers; allows organs to move without friction
Which serous membranes are found in the pericardium cavity?
parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium
parietal pericardium
outer lining of the pericardial cavity
visceral pericardium
covers surface of heart
Which serous membranes are found in the pleural cavity?
parietal pleura and visceral pleura
parietal pleura
outer lining of pleural cavity
visceral pleura
covers surface of lungs
parietal serosa
outer layer, lines ventral body cavity walls
visceral serosa
inner layer, covers organs (viscera) in the ventral cavity
