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A&P 1 - Unit 1 > 3-1. Cells > Flashcards

3-1. Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living organisms are made of cells

All cells come from previously existing cells

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2
Q

What are the two kinds of microscopes?

A

Light and electron microscope

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3
Q

Light microscope

A

Light passes through slide and glass to the eye

Magnifies up to 1000x

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4
Q

electron microscope

A

beam of electrons passes through objects, focused through magnifying lenses onto a screen
Magnifies up to 400,000x

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5
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

scanning - 3d image of surface

transmission - inside section

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6
Q

Robert Hooke

A

First used the term cell to describe the little “room” he saw in tree bark

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7
Q

Schleiden and Schwann

A

Proposed that “all living things are composed as cells”, now known as the Cell Theory

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8
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

made an addition to the cell theory: “all cells arise from previously existing cells”

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9
Q

What are the three things common to all cells?

A

plasma membrane
nucleus
cytoplasm

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10
Q

plasma membrane (structure)

A

aka “border patrol”

outermost membrane of all living cells; primarily made of two organic compounds: proteins and phospholipids

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11
Q

plasma membrane (function)

A

regulates passage of material in and out of cell - selectively permeable boundary

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12
Q

nucleus (structure)

A

aka “control center”
large, most obvious organelle in the cell
surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope) with many holes (nuclear pores)

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13
Q

nucleus (function)

A

contains genetic information; directs all of the daily activities

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14
Q

Which two organic compounds make up the plasma membrane?

A

proteins and phospholipids

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15
Q

nucleoplasm

A

fluid inside nuclear envelope

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16
Q

nucleolus

A

dark spot visible during interphase (not dividing), where ribosomes are made

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17
Q

chromatin

A

long thin invisible strands of genetic material (DNA and protein) - present during interphase

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18
Q

chromasomes

A

chromatin coils into these visible bodies during mitosis

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19
Q

If chromasomes are visible, then the cell is in ___.

A

mitosis

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20
Q

if chromatin is not visible within the cell, then the cell is in ___.

A

interphase

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21
Q

Red blood cells are ___.

A

anucleate

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22
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are ___.

A

multinucleate

23
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double membrane surrounding the cell’s nucleus

24
Q

nuclear pores

A

holes in the nuclear envelope

25
Q

cytoplasm

A

cellular material between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope

26
Q

What are the two parts of cytoplasm?

A

cytosol and organelles

27
Q

cytosol

A

viscous fluid inside cells; made primarily of water and some dissolved solutes

28
Q

organelles

A

suspended in the cytosol; little organs are the metabolic machinery of the cell, each designed for a specific function

29
Q

List the major cytoplasmic organelles.

A

ribosomes - protein factories
endoplasmic reticulum - pipeline
Golgi apparatus - UPS station/collecting and packaging
mitochondira - mighty mitochondira, power plant
lysosomes - digestive stations

30
Q

ribosomes (function)

A

protein synthesis

31
Q

ribosomes (structure)

A

tiny structures made of RNA and protein; may be found in endoplasmic reticulum or free in cytoplasm

32
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (function)

A

movement of substances within cell; storage; protein synthesis (rough ER has attached ribosomes)

33
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (structure)

A

complicated network of membrane channels curving through cytoplasm

34
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough and smooth

35
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

outer surface of the tubes is covered with ribosomes (appear granular); sites of protein synthesis

36
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

tubes without ribosomes; sites of lipid synthesis, drug detoxification, or mineral storage

37
Q

Golgi apparatus (function)

A

molecules made in ER migrate here for storage, modification and packaging. Vesicles pinch off end, migrate to plasma membrane, fuse with it, and release contents outside of cell

38
Q

Golgi apparatus (structure)

A

stacks of smooth flattened sacs resembling pancakes

39
Q

mitochondria (function)

A

supplies the energy needed by cell, through a long series of chemical reactions in which carbohydrates are broken down

40
Q

cellular respiration

A

C^6H^12O^6 + 6O^2 > 6CO^2 + 6H^2O + ATP

CO^2 and H^2O - waste
ATP - energy1

41
Q

mitochondria (structure)

A

long, cylendrical bodies enclosed in a double membrane, inner membrane folded into many christae

42
Q

Lysosomes (structure)

A

small membrane enclosed sacs in cytoplasm formed by budding from Golgi apparatus; contain digestive enzymes

43
Q

Lysosomes (function)

A

sites of intracellular digestion:

  • digests particles (eg. bacteria) taken in by endocytosis
  • autophagy - breaking down damaged organelles (“cell eating”)
  • autolysis - if a cell is badly injured, the lysosomes rupture and the cell self-destructs (eg. skin peeling from burn)
  • break down bone to release calcium ions into the blood
44
Q

autophagy

A

lysosomes breaking down damaged organelles (“cell eating”)

45
Q

autolysis

A

if a cell is badly injured, lysosomes rupture and cell self destructs (eg. skin peeling from a burn)

46
Q

Cell membranes are made of these two organic compounds

A

proteins and phospholipids

47
Q

Phospholipids have ___ heads and ___ tails

A

hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails

48
Q

When surrounded by water, phosophlipids: ___.

A

spontaneous form a bylayer, with heads facing water and tails hidden

49
Q

Proteins are scattered through lipid bylayer, creating a ___.

A

mosaic pattern

50
Q

integral proteins

A

firmly embedded; most act like open channels or act as carriers; others are receptors for hormones

51
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosly attached to one surface, usually inside

52
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

all cell membranes are made of a bilayer of phospholipid molecules with protein molecules dispersed; the floating proteins form a constantly changing mosaic pattern

53
Q

What are the four membrane functions?

A
  • provides a flexible boundary enclosing the cell contents and separating it from the ECF and external environment
  • facilitates contact between body cell (recognition and attraction)
  • provides receptors for chemicals (hormones, antibodies, neurotransmitters)
  • provides selective permeability allowing some substances to cross, while excluding others

A&P 1 - Unit 1 (8 decks)

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