3-2 BIO-1010 Study Guide Flashcards
What are two basic differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
Innate immunity is the body’s first line of defense and is non-specific; adaptive immunity is specific to particular pathogens and has a memory component.
List two external physical barriers that are part of the innate immune system.
Skin and mucous membranes.
What is an antigen?
An antigen is a substance that triggers an immune response, typically by being recognized as foreign by the immune system.
How are macrophages and natural killer cells involved in innate immunity?
Macrophages engulf and digest pathogens; natural killer cells destroy infected or cancerous cells.
How is histamine involved in the inflammatory response?
Histamine increases blood flow and the permeability of capillaries, allowing immune cells to access affected tissue.
What are the four signs of inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain.
What does it mean when we say that adaptive immunity has a memory?
Adaptive immunity has a memory, meaning it can recognize and respond more quickly to pathogens it has encountered before.
How are humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity different, in terms of their targets?
Humoral immunity targets pathogens in bodily fluids using antibodies; cell-mediated immunity targets infected cells directly.
What are the two types of B lymphocytes that are involved in humoral immunity?
Plasma cells and memory B cells.
What are antibodies, and what type of cell produces them?
Antibodies are proteins that bind to specific antigens to neutralize them, produced by B lymphocytes.
What are the four types of T lymphocytes that are involved in cell-mediated immunity?
Helper T cells, cytotoxic (killer) T cells, regulatory T cells, and memory T cells.
List the functions of those four types of T lymphocytes.
Helper T cells activate other immune cells, cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells, regulatory T cells modulate the immune response, and memory T cells provide long-term immunity.
How does the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause immunodeficiency?
HIV targets and destroys helper T cells, weakening the immune response and leading to immunodeficiency.
How do vaccinations work?
Vaccinations expose the immune system to a harmless form of an antigen, prompting it to develop memory cells for future protection.
How are the surfaces of the red blood cells different in these four blood types: A, B, AB, and O?
Type A has A antigens, type B has B antigens, AB has both A and B antigens, and type O has no antigens on the surface.
