2-2 BIO-1010 Study Guide

Question 1

Questions

Answer 1

Answers

Question 2

What are the two reasons why all of life is based on carbon?

Answer 2

Carbon can form four covalent bonds, allowing for a variety of complex molecules; Carbon can bond with many elements, forming diverse organic compounds.

Question 3

Most of the large biological molecules are made up of individual subunits called _______________; the general term for a large molecule made up of many of these subunits is a ________________________________.

Answer 3

monomers; polymer

Question 4

The process of building a polymer using monomers is called _____________________________. The breakdown of a polymer into individual monomers occurs through a process called _________________________.

Answer 4

polymerization; hydrolysis

Question 5

The four categories of large biological molecules are : __________________________, _____________________, _____________________, and _____________________________.

Answer 5

carbohydrates; lipids; proteins; nucleic acids

Question 6

For carbohydrates, the general term for a monomer is _____________________________, and the general term for a polymer is _______________________________.

Answer 6

monosaccharide; polysaccharide

Question 7

The two major functions of carbohydrates in living organisms are _______________________ and _________________________.

Answer 7

energy storage; structural support

Question 8

Plants store energy in the polysaccharide called ____________________________. Animals store energy in the polysaccharide called ______________________________.

Answer 8

starch; glycogen

Question 9

_________________________ and ______________________ are two types of structural polysaccharides.

Answer 9

Cellulose; chitin

Question 10

In general, what goes wrong in diabetes?

Answer 10

The body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or can’t effectively use the insulin it produces, leading to high blood sugar levels.

Question 11

What is the difference between what goes wrong in type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes?

Answer 11

Type 1 diabetes: The body’s immune system attacks insulin-producing cells in the pancreas; Type 2 diabetes: The body becomes resistant to insulin or the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin.

Question 12

How is the treatment for type 1 diabetes different from the treatment for type 2 diabetes?

Answer 12

Type 1 diabetes: Requires insulin injections or an insulin pump; Type 2 diabetes: Managed with lifestyle changes, oral medications, and sometimes insulin.

Question 13

The BEST sources of carbohydrates are ones that are from ___________________________. Examples are __________________, _________________________, and __________________.

Answer 13

whole foods; fruits; vegetables; whole grains

Question 14

When is added sugar on the list of good sources of carbohydrates?

Answer 14

Added sugar is generally not considered a good source of carbohydrates due to its lack of nutritional value and potential health risks.

Question 15

Briefly list six functions of lipids in living organisms.

Answer 15

Energy storage; Insulation; Protection of organs; Cell membrane structure; Hormone production; Vitamin absorption

Question 16

The three general categories of lipids that we talked about in class are ____________________, ______________________________, and ___________________________.

Answer 16

triglycerides; phospholipids; steroids

Question 17

Structurally, triglycerides consist of a __________________________ attached to three _________________________________.

Answer 17

glycerol; fatty acids

Question 18

What is the difference in chemical structure between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid?

Answer 18

Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between carbon atoms, while unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.

Question 19

List three differences between fats and oils.

Answer 19

Fats are solid at room temperature; oils are liquid; Fats are typically found in animals; oils are typically found in plants; Fats have a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids; oils have a higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids.

Question 20

Which type of triglycerides (saturated or unsaturated) is worse for our health, and why?

Answer 20

Saturated triglycerides are worse because they can raise LDL cholesterol levels, increasing the risk of heart disease.

Question 21

What type of triglycerides is even worse than this?

Answer 21

Trans fats are even worse because they not only raise LDL cholesterol but also lower HDL cholesterol.

Question 22

In terms of chemical structure, how is a phospholipid different from a triglyceride?

Answer 22

A phospholipid has two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol, while a triglyceride has three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Question 23

Phospholipids are the main structural component of _________________________________.

Answer 23

cell membranes

Question 24

Steroids are lipids with a chemical structure consisting of four _________________________.

Answer 24

fused rings

Question 25

Why are low density lipoproteins (LDL) called “bad cholesterol”, and why are high density lipoproteins (HDL) called “good cholesterol”?

Answer 25

LDL is called ‘bad cholesterol’ because it can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease; HDL is called ‘good cholesterol’ because it helps remove cholesterol from the bloodstream.