3-1 BIO-1010 Study Guide

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

Answer 1

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Question 2

List 2 responses of the body if body temperature is too hot.

Answer 2

Sweating and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels).

Question 3

List 2 responses of the body if body temperature is too cold.

Answer 3

Shivering and vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).

Question 4

What is the response of the pancreas if blood sugar is too high?

Answer 4

The pancreas releases insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar levels.

Question 5

What is the response of the pancreas if blood sugar is too low?

Answer 5

The pancreas releases glucagon, which stimulates the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood sugar levels.

Question 6

What is meant by ‘set point’?

Answer 6

A set point is the ideal or target value of a physiological condition, such as body temperature or blood glucose level, that the body tries to maintain.

Question 7

What are two examples of positive feedback control in humans?

Answer 7

Childbirth contractions and blood clotting.

Question 8

List the 3 main parts of the human cardiovascular system (anatomy).

Answer 8

Heart, blood vessels, and blood.

Question 9

What are the two main functions of the human cardiovascular system (physiology)?

Answer 9

Transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells, and removing waste products from cells.

Question 10

What are the 2 main parts of blood?

Answer 10

Plasma and blood cells.

Question 11

What things are dissolved in plasma (what does it carry)?

Answer 11

Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, waste products, and proteins.

Question 12

What are two types of cells in blood? Which one is more common?

Answer 12

Red blood cells and white blood cells; red blood cells are more common.

Question 13

What goes wrong in anemia? What goes wrong in sickle cell disease?

Answer 13

In anemia, there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. In sickle cell disease, red blood cells become misshapen and break down.

Question 14

What is the protein in red blood cells that oxygen binds to?

Answer 14

Hemoglobin.

Question 15

What is the function of platelets? The function of white blood cells? The function of red blood cells?

Answer 15

Platelets help in blood clotting, white blood cells fight infection, and red blood cells carry oxygen.

Question 16

What are erythrocytes? What are leukocytes?

Answer 16

Erythrocytes are red blood cells, and leukocytes are white blood cells.

Question 17

Discuss the difference in anatomy (structure) between arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Answer 17

Arteries have thick, muscular walls; veins have thinner walls and valves; capillaries are very thin to allow gas exchange.

Question 18

Discuss the difference in physiology (function) between arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Answer 18

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart; capillaries allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste.

Question 19

What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (what is being measured)?

Answer 19

Systolic pressure measures heart contraction force; diastolic measures pressure during heart relaxation.

Question 20

What are the numbers for normal blood pressure (systolic/diastolic)? What are the numbers for hypertension?

Answer 20

Normal is around 120/80 mmHg; hypertension is 140/90 mmHg or higher.

Question 21

What are the 3 main types of parts of the lymphatic system?

Answer 21

Lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels.

Question 22

What are the 2 main functions of the lymphatic system (related to the cardiovascular system)?

Answer 22

Returning fluid to the bloodstream and fighting infection.

Question 23

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 23

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Question 24

In which parts of the cardiovascular system is blood oxygenated?

Answer 24

Blood is oxygenated in the lungs and is carried by the pulmonary veins and the left side of the heart.

Question 25

In which parts of the cardiovascular system is blood deoxygenated?

Answer 25

Blood is deoxygenated in the body and is carried by the veins and the right side of the heart.

Question 26

Which chamber of the heart has the biggest muscle (and why)?

Answer 26

The left ventricle, because it pumps blood to the entire body.

Question 27

What is the purpose (and location) of the four valves in the heart?

Answer 27

They prevent backflow and are located between atria and ventricles (mitral and tricuspid) and between ventricles and arteries (aortic and pulmonary).

Question 28

What are these: aorta, vena cava, SA node, AV node?

Answer 28

Aorta is the main artery; vena cava is the main vein; SA node is the heart’s natural pacemaker; AV node coordinates the heartbeat.

Question 29

What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 29

A disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, narrowing them.

Question 30

What is the difference between myocardial infarction and stroke?

Answer 30

Myocardial infarction is a heart attack caused by blocked blood flow to the heart; stroke is caused by disrupted blood flow to the brain.

Question 31

List 4 ways to prevent heart disease.

Answer 31

Maintain a healthy diet, exercise regularly, avoid smoking, and manage stress.