3-1 BIO-1010 Study Guide Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains a stable internal environment despite external changes.
List 2 responses of the body if body temperature is too hot.
Sweating and vasodilation (widening of blood vessels).
List 2 responses of the body if body temperature is too cold.
Shivering and vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels).
What is the response of the pancreas if blood sugar is too high?
The pancreas releases insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose, lowering blood sugar levels.
What is the response of the pancreas if blood sugar is too low?
The pancreas releases glucagon, which stimulates the liver to release stored glucose, raising blood sugar levels.
What is meant by ‘set point’?
A set point is the ideal or target value of a physiological condition, such as body temperature or blood glucose level, that the body tries to maintain.
What are two examples of positive feedback control in humans?
Childbirth contractions and blood clotting.
List the 3 main parts of the human cardiovascular system (anatomy).
Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
What are the two main functions of the human cardiovascular system (physiology)?
Transporting nutrients and oxygen to cells, and removing waste products from cells.
What are the 2 main parts of blood?
Plasma and blood cells.
What things are dissolved in plasma (what does it carry)?
Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, waste products, and proteins.
What are two types of cells in blood? Which one is more common?
Red blood cells and white blood cells; red blood cells are more common.
What goes wrong in anemia? What goes wrong in sickle cell disease?
In anemia, there is a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. In sickle cell disease, red blood cells become misshapen and break down.
What is the protein in red blood cells that oxygen binds to?
Hemoglobin.
What is the function of platelets? The function of white blood cells? The function of red blood cells?
Platelets help in blood clotting, white blood cells fight infection, and red blood cells carry oxygen.
What are erythrocytes? What are leukocytes?
Erythrocytes are red blood cells, and leukocytes are white blood cells.
Discuss the difference in anatomy (structure) between arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries have thick, muscular walls; veins have thinner walls and valves; capillaries are very thin to allow gas exchange.
Discuss the difference in physiology (function) between arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart; veins carry blood to the heart; capillaries allow exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste.
What is the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (what is being measured)?
Systolic pressure measures heart contraction force; diastolic measures pressure during heart relaxation.
What are the numbers for normal blood pressure (systolic/diastolic)? What are the numbers for hypertension?
Normal is around 120/80 mmHg; hypertension is 140/90 mmHg or higher.
What are the 3 main types of parts of the lymphatic system?
Lymph, lymph nodes, and lymph vessels.
What are the 2 main functions of the lymphatic system (related to the cardiovascular system)?
Returning fluid to the bloodstream and fighting infection.
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.
In which parts of the cardiovascular system is blood oxygenated?
Blood is oxygenated in the lungs and is carried by the pulmonary veins and the left side of the heart.
In which parts of the cardiovascular system is blood deoxygenated?
Blood is deoxygenated in the body and is carried by the veins and the right side of the heart.
Which chamber of the heart has the biggest muscle (and why)?
The left ventricle, because it pumps blood to the entire body.
What is the purpose (and location) of the four valves in the heart?
They prevent backflow and are located between atria and ventricles (mitral and tricuspid) and between ventricles and arteries (aortic and pulmonary).
What are these: aorta, vena cava, SA node, AV node?
Aorta is the main artery; vena cava is the main vein; SA node is the heart’s natural pacemaker; AV node coordinates the heartbeat.
What is atherosclerosis?
A disease in which plaque builds up inside the arteries, narrowing them.
What is the difference between myocardial infarction and stroke?
Myocardial infarction is a heart attack caused by blocked blood flow to the heart; stroke is caused by disrupted blood flow to the brain.
List 4 ways to prevent heart disease.
Maintain a healthy diet, exercise regularly, avoid smoking, and manage stress.
