3/15/18 Flashcards
Explain the diff b/t punishment and negative reinforcement
Punishments are unwanted events that decrease the frequency of a behavior
Negative reinforcement are unwanted events that are removed + increase the frequency of a behavior
List 3 reasons why psychologists do not believe punishment isn’t the best way to deal with a problem
- Punishment tends to work only when it is guaranteed
- It can create anger and hostility
- It can be seen as a way to solve problems (observational learning)
List 3 reasons classical Conditioning is useful to animals/people
- Avoid or deal with danger
- Helps adapt to their environment
- Taste aversion
Little Albert/ Bell-and-Pad Method/ explain the concepts
Little Albert= ex of classical conditioning + generalization
Bell-and-Pad Method= training a child not to wet the bed using a ringing bell
Explain the diff/sim b/t operant + classical conditioning- give examples
Diff- classical=involuntary behaviors operant= voluntary behaviors/ learned
Sim- both forms of learning
Explain the PQ4R Method- list + and explain
- active approach to learning
- 6 step process= 1. Preview 2. Question 3. Read 4. Reflect 5. Recite 6. Review
Explain the process of classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus= meat
unconditioned response= salivation
conditioned stimulus= bell
conditioned response= salivation
Spontaneous recovery
Revival of an extinguished response
Generalization
Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar
Stimulus
Something that produces a reaction or a response
Systematic desensitization
Method that involves relaxation and gradual exposure to feared stimulus
Extinction
classical conditioning= conditioned stimulus is no longer followed by an unconditioned stimulus, it will lose its ability to bring about a conditioned response
operant conditioning= repeated performance of the response without reinforcement
Primary reinforcers
Reinforcers that function due to the biological makeup of an organism
Ex: food, water, shelter, warmth
Secondary Reinforcers
- value must be learned
- ex: money attention, and social approval
- influence based on culture
Positive reinforcers
Increase the frequency of a behavior when applied
Ex: food, fun activities, and social approval
Negative reinforcers
Increase the frequency of a behavior they follow when they are removed
Reinforcers
The stimulus that encourages a behavior to occur again
Discrimination
Act of responding diff to stimuli that are not similar
Generalization
Act of responding in the same way to stimuli that seem similar
Observational learning
We aquire knowledge by observing and intimidating others
Classical Conditioning
A simple form of learning in which one stimulus calls forth a response that is usually called forth by another stimulus
Operant Conditioning
Learning from the consequences of their actions
Continuous reinforcement
The reinforcement of a behavior every time it occurs
Latent Learning
Learning that remains hidden until it is needed
