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MicroBiology Exam 2 > 3/1: Cholera and ETEC > Flashcards

3/1: Cholera and ETEC Flashcards

1
Q

Vibrio cholera prefers ___
___ pH
___ ID
Infects ___

A

saltwater
8.5-9.0 pH
High ID
infects small intestine

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2
Q

How do you get vibrio cholera?

A

obtained from seafood that is undercooked and spread by contaminated water

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3
Q

Only strains of vibrio cholera that have _____ can produce the cholera toxin

A

O1 or O139

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4
Q

2 biotypes of vibrio cholera cause cholera: __ and __

A

classic type

El tor

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5
Q

In the environment, vibrio cholera produces ___

A

biofilms

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6
Q

What are the 3 virulence factors of vibrio cholera?

A

flagella
pili
cholera toxin

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7
Q

Define cholera toxin

A

encoded by phage

A-B toxin that leads to excessive accumulation of cAMP that causes hypersecretion of Cl, K, Bicarobate

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8
Q

___ alone is what causes diarrhea in vibrio cholera

A

cholera toxin

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of cholera

A

loss of liters of fluid
rice water stool containing excess K and bicarbonate
leading to hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis
death within hours from fluid loss

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10
Q

What is the immune response to cholera

A

nonspecific defenses

secretory IgA against O antigen, B subunit of toxin or pilus

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11
Q

What is the treatment for vibrio cholera

A

oral solution of glucose, Na, Cl, Excessive levels of K and bicarbonate EARLY

antibiotics can reduce severity

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12
Q

___ causes “travelers diarrhea”

A

ETEC

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13
Q

Travelers diarrhea is caused by ingesting E.Coli through ____

___ ID

A

containminated food/water

HIGH ID

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14
Q

ETEC colonizes in ____

A

proximal small intestine

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15
Q

What are the 3 virulence factors of ETEC

A

colonizing factor (CF) pilli
heat-labile toxin (LT)
heat-stable toxin (ST)

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16
Q

In ETEC, heat labile toxin (LT). define.

A

A-B toxin leads to secretion of Cl, blocks NaCl reabsorption

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17
Q

In ETEC, heat stabile toxin (ST). define.

A

initiates signaling cascade that ends with electrolyte /fluid secretion

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18
Q

What is the immune response to ETEC

A

LT and CF secretory IgA

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19
Q

How do you diagnose ETEC?

A

rule out cholera infection

TCBS agam, agglutination test, serological test

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20
Q

What is the treatment for ETEC

A 
oral rehydration (sugar and salt)
antibiotics can reduce severity/duration
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21
Q

___ is the most common form of bacterial infection in an organ

A

uti

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22
Q

cystitis is ___

A

infection of bladder

23
Q

W/M: more affected by UTI. why?

A

women

shorter urethra

24
Q

Describe difference between uncomplicated and complciated UTI

A

uncomplicated - normal defense mechanisms in tact, infection contained to urethra/lbladder. UPEC or other COMMENSAL E.COLI

complicated - some anatomical abnormalities, spreads to kidneys,c aused by enterobactericeae

25
What are the 5 natural defenses of the urinary tract
``` complete voidance of bladder peristalsis of ureters --> bladder ureterovesicle valves (no backflow) mucous layer acidic pH ```
26
What is pyelonephritis
kidney infection | cystitis can spread from bladder up ureters in RETROGRADE FLOW
27
Who is susceptible to pyelonephritis (5)
1. spinal cord injury patients 2. kids (undeveloped uterovesicle valves) 3. pregnant women (dilated ureters, perstalsis decreased) 4. catheter patients 5. patients with urinary tract sotnes
28
____ causes 90% of utis
e.coli opportunistic infection usually originated in the intestine
29
UPEC causes ___-
uncomplicated UTIs
30
What are the 4 virulence factors of UPEC?
1. type 1 pili - binds to d-mannose 2. p pili - binds to digalactoside in urinary tract 3. alpha-hemolysin toxin 4. CNF toxin
31
Proteaus mirabilis causes ____
complicated UTIs | more severe than UTIs caused by e.coli
32
What are the 4 virulence factors of proteus mirabilis
flagella (adhesion) hemolysin IgA protease urease
33
How do you diagnose proteus mirabilis UTI
if asymptomatic and no pain - need bacteria levels 10^5 | if symptomatic with pain, need bacteria levels 10^2
34
treatment of proteus mirabilis UTI
antimicrobials
35
T/F Klebsiella bacteria is motile
NO | no H antigen
36
Klebsiella can infect ____
urinary tract or respiratory tract
37
What are the 4 virulence factors of Klebsiella?
pili (type 1 = urinary tract, type 3= respiratory) antiphagocytic capsule enterotoxin aerobactin = sequesters iron
38
What is the treatment for Klebsiella?
RESISTANT TO ANTIBIOTICS
39
Helicobacter pylori is motile/immotile
motile
40
H. pylori causes ___
ulcers, chronic superficial gastridis, even cancer
41
Define ulcer
erion of epithelium
42
what is h.pylori's mode of transmission
uknown | likely fecal-oral or oral-oral
43
___ bacteria is considered a class I carcinogen
h. pylori
44
h. pylori can colonize in the stomach due to it's efficient and rapid production of ____
urease
45
why does urease help h.pylo colonize in the stomach
urease converts urea --> amonia, rising the pH making the stomach live-able
46
Once h.pylori is ingested, it senses the low pH or the stomach is secretes urease trying to get to the ____
mucous layer of the stomach
47
Once h.pylori is at the mucous layer of the stomach, it uses ___ to propel itself deeper into the layer to continue secreting urease
flagella
48
Once h.pylori has adhered to the epithelium, it injects ___ into the epithelium using ___ secretion
h.pylori does not enter epithelium h.pylori injects VacA and Cag into the epithelial host via type 4 secretion system
49
h.pylori injects VacA into epithelial host cells. what does this do?
creates vacuoles inside epithelial cells and kills them. | invokes inflammatory response that contirbutes to death and ulcer formation
50
Ulcer formation is produced via: ____ from epithelial cells ____ from bacteria
IL-8 from epithelial cells | Cytotoxin from bacteria
51
What are symptoms of h.pylori infection
can be silent or lead to nausea, upper abdominal pain can be present as non-specific symptoms like belching, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, sensation of something stuck in the back of your throat
52
How do we diagnose h.pylori?
biopsy - because there usually isn't anything in stomach urea breath tests
53
What is an urea breath test
tests of h.pylori infection patient breaths in labeled urea, urease in stomach made by bacteria breaks it down into LABELED co2, exhaled and quantified
54
What is the treatment for h.pylori infection?
ANTIBIOTICS

MicroBiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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