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MicroBiology Exam 2 > 3/1: Cholera and ETEC > Flashcards

3/1: Cholera and ETEC Flashcards

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1
Q

Vibrio cholera prefers ___
___ pH
___ ID
Infects ___

A

saltwater
8.5-9.0 pH
High ID
infects small intestine

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2
Q

How do you get vibrio cholera?

A

obtained from seafood that is undercooked and spread by contaminated water

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3
Q

Only strains of vibrio cholera that have _____ can produce the cholera toxin

A

O1 or O139

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4
Q

2 biotypes of vibrio cholera cause cholera: __ and __

A

classic type

El tor

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5
Q

In the environment, vibrio cholera produces ___

A

biofilms

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6
Q

What are the 3 virulence factors of vibrio cholera?

A

flagella
pili
cholera toxin

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7
Q

Define cholera toxin

A

encoded by phage

A-B toxin that leads to excessive accumulation of cAMP that causes hypersecretion of Cl, K, Bicarobate

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8
Q

___ alone is what causes diarrhea in vibrio cholera

A

cholera toxin

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9
Q

What are the symptoms of cholera

A

loss of liters of fluid
rice water stool containing excess K and bicarbonate
leading to hypokalemia and metabolic acidosis
death within hours from fluid loss

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10
Q

What is the immune response to cholera

A

nonspecific defenses

secretory IgA against O antigen, B subunit of toxin or pilus

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11
Q

What is the treatment for vibrio cholera

A

oral solution of glucose, Na, Cl, Excessive levels of K and bicarbonate EARLY

antibiotics can reduce severity

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12
Q

___ causes “travelers diarrhea”

A

ETEC

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13
Q

Travelers diarrhea is caused by ingesting E.Coli through ____

___ ID

A

containminated food/water

HIGH ID

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14
Q

ETEC colonizes in ____

A

proximal small intestine

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15
Q

What are the 3 virulence factors of ETEC

A

colonizing factor (CF) pilli
heat-labile toxin (LT)
heat-stable toxin (ST)

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16
Q

In ETEC, heat labile toxin (LT). define.

A

A-B toxin leads to secretion of Cl, blocks NaCl reabsorption

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17
Q

In ETEC, heat stabile toxin (ST). define.

A

initiates signaling cascade that ends with electrolyte /fluid secretion

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18
Q

What is the immune response to ETEC

A

LT and CF secretory IgA

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19
Q

How do you diagnose ETEC?

A

rule out cholera infection

TCBS agam, agglutination test, serological test

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20
Q

What is the treatment for ETEC

A 
oral rehydration (sugar and salt)
antibiotics can reduce severity/duration
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21
Q

___ is the most common form of bacterial infection in an organ

A

uti

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22
Q

cystitis is ___

A

infection of bladder

23
Q

W/M: more affected by UTI. why?

A

women

shorter urethra

24
Q

Describe difference between uncomplicated and complciated UTI

A

uncomplicated - normal defense mechanisms in tact, infection contained to urethra/lbladder. UPEC or other COMMENSAL E.COLI

complicated - some anatomical abnormalities, spreads to kidneys,c aused by enterobactericeae

25
Q

What are the 5 natural defenses of the urinary tract

A 
complete voidance of bladder
peristalsis of ureters --> bladder
ureterovesicle valves (no backflow)
mucous layer
acidic pH
26
Q

What is pyelonephritis

A

kidney infection

cystitis can spread from bladder up ureters in RETROGRADE FLOW

27
Q

Who is susceptible to pyelonephritis (5)

A
  1. spinal cord injury patients
  2. kids (undeveloped uterovesicle valves)
  3. pregnant women (dilated ureters, perstalsis decreased)
  4. catheter patients
  5. patients with urinary tract sotnes
28
Q

____ causes 90% of utis

A

e.coli

opportunistic infection usually originated in the intestine

29
Q

UPEC causes ___-

A

uncomplicated UTIs

30
Q

What are the 4 virulence factors of UPEC?

A
  1. type 1 pili - binds to d-mannose
  2. p pili - binds to digalactoside in urinary tract
  3. alpha-hemolysin toxin
  4. CNF toxin
31
Q

Proteaus mirabilis causes ____

A

complicated UTIs

more severe than UTIs caused by e.coli

32
Q

What are the 4 virulence factors of proteus mirabilis

A

flagella (adhesion)
hemolysin
IgA protease
urease

33
Q

How do you diagnose proteus mirabilis UTI

A

if asymptomatic and no pain - need bacteria levels 10^5

if symptomatic with pain, need bacteria levels 10^2

34
Q

treatment of proteus mirabilis UTI

A

antimicrobials

35
Q

T/F Klebsiella bacteria is motile

A

NO

no H antigen

36
Q

Klebsiella can infect ____

A

urinary tract or respiratory tract

37
Q

What are the 4 virulence factors of Klebsiella?

A

pili (type 1 = urinary tract, type 3= respiratory)
antiphagocytic capsule
enterotoxin
aerobactin = sequesters iron

38
Q

What is the treatment for Klebsiella?

A

RESISTANT TO ANTIBIOTICS

39
Q

Helicobacter pylori is motile/immotile

A

motile

40
Q

H. pylori causes ___

A

ulcers, chronic superficial gastridis, even cancer

41
Q

Define ulcer

A

erion of epithelium

42
Q

what is h.pylori’s mode of transmission

A

uknown

likely fecal-oral or oral-oral

43
Q

___ bacteria is considered a class I carcinogen

A

h. pylori

44
Q

h. pylori can colonize in the stomach due to it’s efficient and rapid production of ____

A

urease

45
Q

why does urease help h.pylo colonize in the stomach

A

urease converts urea –> amonia, rising the pH making the stomach live-able

46
Q

Once h.pylori is ingested, it senses the low pH or the stomach is secretes urease trying to get to the ____

A

mucous layer of the stomach

47
Q

Once h.pylori is at the mucous layer of the stomach, it uses ___ to propel itself deeper into the layer to continue secreting urease

A

flagella

48
Q

Once h.pylori has adhered to the epithelium, it injects ___ into the epithelium using ___ secretion

A

h.pylori does not enter epithelium
h.pylori injects VacA and Cag into the epithelial host
via type 4 secretion system

49
Q

h.pylori injects VacA into epithelial host cells. what does this do?

A

creates vacuoles inside epithelial cells and kills them.

invokes inflammatory response that contirbutes to death and ulcer formation

50
Q

Ulcer formation is produced via:
____ from epithelial cells
____ from bacteria

A

IL-8 from epithelial cells

Cytotoxin from bacteria

51
Q

What are symptoms of h.pylori infection

A

can be silent or lead to nausea, upper abdominal pain
can be present as non-specific symptoms like belching, heartburn, difficulty swallowing, sensation of something stuck in the back of your throat

52
Q

How do we diagnose h.pylori?

A

biopsy - because there usually isn’t anything in stomach

urea breath tests

53
Q

What is an urea breath test

A

tests of h.pylori infection

patient breaths in labeled urea, urease in stomach made by bacteria breaks it down into LABELED co2, exhaled and quantified

54
Q

What is the treatment for h.pylori infection?

A

ANTIBIOTICS

MicroBiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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