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MicroBiology Exam 2 > 2/20: Corynebacterium, Listeria, Bacillus, Mycoplasma, Myobacteria > Flashcards

2/20: Corynebacterium, Listeria, Bacillus, Mycoplasma, Myobacteria Flashcards

1
Q

Cornebacterium diptheria general info

A

gram positive, aerobic

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2
Q

Pathogenic cornebacterium diptheria resides on _____

A

oropharynx

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3
Q

Pathogenic cornebacterium diptheria produces ____

A

diptheria toxin encoded on lysogenic bacteriophage

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4
Q

Non-pathogenic form of cornebacterium diptheria is called ___

these inhabit ____

A

diptheroids

These inhabit pharynx, nasopharynx, distal urethra, skin

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5
Q

Diptheria
caused by local (like _____) effects of diptheria toxin
and by systemic (like ____) effects of diptheria toxin

A

local - severe pharyngitis or tonsilitis

systemic - circulation of toxin ib lood can cause acute myocarditis

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6
Q

The toxin in cornebacterium diptheria is type ___ toxin

it is ___ endotoxin.

Describe the roles of the alpha and beta subunits.

A

type II toxin
a-b endotoxin (2 protein complex)

beta subunit binds to cell, endocytosis brings into cell

low pH of endocytic vacuole causes unfolding

alpha subunit translocated to the cytoplasm and inhibits protein synthesis

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7
Q

Cornebacterium diptheria is spread via ___

A

droplets, direct contact, fomites (less often)

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8
Q

T/F: Cornebacterium is found regularly in US

A

false

less than 10 cases per year because we use VACCINE

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9
Q

Describe the diagnosis of cornebacterium diptheria

A

clinically, then grown on selective media

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10
Q

Describe the immune response to cornebacterium diptheria

A

the toxin is antigenic

stimulates production of antibodies during inrection

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11
Q

What is the inactivated form of cornebacterium diptheria toxin used as a vaccine?

What is the immune response to this?

A

formalin = inactivated toxin used as vaccine

this is still antigenic - stimulates antibody production

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12
Q

Describe the prevention of diptheria

A

Immunizations provide protection against infections

Done in 3-4 shots in the first years of life, boosters every 10 years

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13
Q

Describe the treatment of diptheria

A

early administration of antitoxin, pencicllin, cephalosporin, erythromycin, tetracycline

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14
Q

Describe listeria monocytogenes general info

A

gram positive, bacilli (can resemble cornyebacterium and streptococci), aerobic (distinguishes it from strep)

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15
Q

How do we distinguish listeria monocytogenes from cornebacterium diptheria in terms of BACTERIOLOGY?

A

listeria monocytogenes = tumbling motility on fluid media at templs below 30* C, grows well on rich media at temps as low as 0* C

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16
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is the only listeria species that is _____ in humans

A

pathogenic

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17
Q

Listeriosis usually only presents itself when there is ____

A

widespread infection

associated w/ listeria monocytogenes

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18
Q

Foodborne outbreaks of listeriosis, symptoms = _____

A

nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea

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19
Q

widespread infection of listeriosis symptoms - ______

A

fever, malaise, occasional bacteremia

can cause encephalitis ad meningitis

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20
Q

What are the 3 main virulence factors of listeria monocytogenes?

A
  1. internalin
  2. lysteriolysin O
  3. actin polymerization
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21
Q

Why is internalin is a major virulence factor for listeria monocytogenes?

A

internalin attach to the host cells so that the bacteria can be taken up by endocytosis

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22
Q

Why is lysteriolysin O a major virulence factor for listeria monocytogenes?

A

lysteriolysin O lyses the endocytic vacuole and the bacteria is spread to the cytoplasm to replicate

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23
Q

Why is actin polymerization a major virulence factor for listeria monocytogenes?

A

actin polymerization allows it to properl itself from cytoplasm to the neighboring cell

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24
Q

Where is listeria monocytogenes found?

A

ubiquitous to soil, water, GI tracts of animals

foodborn pathogens spread from deli meat, dairy, uncooked food stored at low temps

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25
Why is listeria monocytoenes hard to eliminate?
because of formation of biolfilm
26
Who is most susceptible to infection of listeria monocytogenes?
infants and elderly
27
How do we diagnose infection of listeria monocytogenes?
blood/CSSF culture which would show beta-hemolytic gram positive rods
28
The immune response for listeria monocytogenesis infection requires _____
innnate response (neutrophils killing bacteria) and adaptive response (t-cell immunity for clearing infection and long-term protection)
29
Wha tis the treatment for monocytogenesis? how is this different fro immunocopromised patients?
ampicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole immunocompromised patients = ampicillin + gentamycin
30
How can listeria monocytogenes be prevented?
avoid unpasteurized dairy products thoroughly cook animal products
31
Describe bacillus anthrasis general info
gram positive, spores, forming long chain rods, aerobic, non-motile, grows well on rich media
32
Bacillus anthrasis contain endospores making it ______
very hardy, can survive well for decades in an environment
33
Bacillus anthrasis dwell in the ___
soil
34
Bacillus anthrasis produces ____ (potent endotoxin)
anthrax A
35
Human anthrax is usually an ______
ulcerative sore on an exposed part of the body usually resolves without complications
36
How is human anthrax caused?
endospore germinates when it lands on human skin due to rich environment
37
When human anthrax, edema is present at site of infection caused by ____
adenylate cyclase activity of the toxin
38
What happens of the endospore of bacillus anthrasis is inhaled?
may cause pneumonia which could lead to respiratory failure/death
39
What is the major virulence factor associated with bacillus anthrasis?
glutamic acid capsule (anti phagocytic)
40
Anthrax primarily infects _____. How do they acquire this? How does this spread?
anthrax = toxin in bacillus anthrasis bacteria primarily infects herbivores (cattle, horses) who acquire it from their pastures humans can become infected when in contact with the animals (or in biological warfare)
41
How do we diagnose bacillus anthrasis infection?
culture of skin lesion (ulcerative sore), sputum or blood, CSF
42
Describe the immune response to bacillus anthrasis infection
specific mechanism unknown experimental evidence says antibodies directed against toxin
43
Describe preventative measures against bacillus anthrasis infection
euthanize animal vaccinate!
44
Describe mycoplasma and ureaplasma general info
smallest free living micro organisms lacks cell wall highly plemorphic (appear as coccoid bodies, filament,s bottle shaped) cell boundary is a single trilaminar membrane that contains sterols
45
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma : anaerobes or aerobes?
most are facultative anaeroes exception: mycioplasma pneumoniae = aerobic
46
How do mycoplasma and ureaplasma appear on special mycoplasma agar?
"fried egg"
47
What toxin is associated with mycoplasma and ureaplasma?
CARDS toxin
48
What does CARDS toxin do?
associated w/ mycoplasma and ureoplasma interferes with ciliary action, causing nuclear vacuolization and fragmentation of trachael epithelial cells that lead to inflammation and de-squamation of mucosa
49
What major disease do mycoplasma and ureaplasma cause?
walking pneumonia (infection of trachae, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) pharyngitis and otitis are common
50
Mycoplasma and ureoplasma account for ___% of all pneumonia cases
10
51
Mycoplasma and ureaplasma are acquired by ____ ID level _____ what time of year ____ outbreaks occur within ____)
acquired via droplet spread low ID (100) Occurs throughout the year commonly among teenagers outbreaks occur within families or closed communities
52
Describe the immunology of mycoplasma nad ureaplasma infection
b and t cell mediated responses antibody titers peak at 2-4 weeks after infection disappear gradually over 6-12 months
53
Describe diagnosis of mycoplasma and ureaplasma infection
via COMPLEMENT FIXATION | cannot use traditional staining and culturing due to slow growth/lack of cell wall
54
Describe treatment of mycoplasma and ureaplasma infections
macrolides, doxycycline, fluoroquinolones
55
Descrine prevention of mycioplasma and ureaplasma infections
no vaccine
56
T/F: mycoplasma and ureaplasma can cause STIs
true | mycoplasma genitalium and 2 species of ureaplasma may join n. gonorrhoeae and chlamydia trachomatis as STI causes
57
Describe mycobacteria general info
slim, poorly staining, ACID FAST, obligate aerobes, non-motile
58
Mycobacteria have pathogenic species in ____ nonpathogenic species in ____
pathogenic - in animals | non pathogenic - in environment
59
Mycobacteria are unique due to their ____ cell wall
lipid rich cell wall
60
The main infection caused by mycobacteria is ____ What is this?
mycobacterium tuberculuosis systemic infection usually manifested only by evidence of an immune response in most people
61
Mycobacterium tuberculosis can progress or reactivate after ____ When does this disease become particularly devastating?
after asymptomatic period (of years) becomes particularly devastating when spreads outside of lungs and reaches CNS
62
What are the symptosm of mycobacterium tuberculosis
chronic pneumonia with fever, cough, blood sputum, weight loss
63
1 cough generates ___ infected droplets of mycobacteria
3000 and it only takes less than 10 droplets to infect
64
An infected droplet of mycobacterium is inhaled, it replicates in ____, spreads through ____ and into ___
replicates in alveoli, spreads through lymph, and into blood stream multiples inside inactivated macrophages
65
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes ___ response. If this is successful, ____ If this is unsuccessful, _____
TH 1 response (body's attempt to activate the macrophages, because mycobacterium are replicating in INACTIVATE macrophages) if successful - stops disease if unsuccessful - delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) continues
66
Describe the immune response to mycobacterium tuberculosis
TH 1 innate response cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes may participate
67
How do we diagnose mycobacterium tuberculosis?
acid fast stain, PCR, tuberculin test, or quantiferon gold test
68
What is the treatment for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
first drug of isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, pyrazinamide second drug of para-aminosalicylic acid, ethionamide, cycloserine, fluoriquinones
69
What is the prevention for mycobacterium tuberculosis?
BCG vaccine

MicroBiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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