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MicroBiology Exam 2 > 2/15: Actinomyces, Nocardia and anaerobes > Flashcards

2/15: Actinomyces, Nocardia and anaerobes Flashcards

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1
Q

Actinomyces is gram pos or neg

is aerobic or anaerobic

A

gram pos

aerobic

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2
Q

Actinomyces are commensal bacteria often found in ___

A

GI tract

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3
Q

When actinomyces do infect, they form ___

A

sulfur granules

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4
Q

What are sulfur granules

A

formed by actinomyces infection

they are tissue and pus complexes

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5
Q

____ are hallmarks of actinomyces infection

A

sulfur granules

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6
Q

___ is the most common type of actinomyces

A

actinomyces israelii

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7
Q

What are the 2 types of actinomyosis

A

cervicofacial actinomyosis

thoracic/abdominal actinomyosis

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8
Q

What is actinomyosis

A

chronic inflammatory condition tha torigines in tissues near mucosal surfaces (50% of cases originate near mouth)

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9
Q

What is the immune response to actinomyosis

A

very poor – requires antibiotics

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10
Q

Which is more common: cervicofacial actinomyosis or thoracic/abdominal actinomyosis

A

cervicofacial

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11
Q

Cervicofacial actinomyosis is caused bY___

A

tooth extraction, poor hygiene or trauma to the mouth

this allows bacteria to get into breaks in the epithelium

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12
Q

Thoracic / abdominal actinomyosis is caused by __

Diagnosis ____

A

aspiration or trauma

hard to diagnose because often mistaken for a tumor

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13
Q

How do you diagnose actinomyosis?

A

presence of sulfut granule – requires a 10 day grown in ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS

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14
Q

Nocardia is gram pos/neg

aerobic/anaerobic

A

gram pos

aerobic

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15
Q

Is nocardia a commensal bacteria?

A

no

found in soil

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16
Q

Nocardia cell wall is composed of ___

A

mycolic acid

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17
Q

Nocardia bacteria cna infect ____

A

respiratory tract or cutaneosu areas

if exposed 0– can find in gingiva and gI

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18
Q

Pulmonary nocardiosis is caused by ____ and ____ (strains of nocardiosis)

A

nocardia asteroids

nocardia facinia

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19
Q

What are the symptoms of pulmonary nocardiosis?

A

acute neutrophilic inflammation and pus and destruction of parenchyma due to neutrophil recruitment

can form abscess and disseminate

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20
Q

Cutaneous nocardiosis is caused by ___

A

nocardia brasiliensis getting into an open cut

not as severe as pulmonary nocardiosis

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21
Q

The severity of cutaneous nocardiosis is dependent on ____

A

how soon it is treated

can be a pustule (non severe) to a sulfur granule)

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22
Q

Wha tis the immune response to nocardiosis?

A

Th1 – good because nocardiosis can survive in a phargocyte!! (we don’t know why)

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23
Q

Clostridium is found in the ___

A

intestine

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24
Q

What are the 3 strains of clostridium?

A

clostridium perfringens
clostridium botulinum
clostridium tetani
clostridium difficile

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25
Q

Clostridium perfringens is nonmotile/motile?

A

non-motile

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26
Q

If given carbsm, clostridium perfringes will ___

A

ferment them into H2 and CO2 gas

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27
Q

Clostridium perfringes leads to ___

A

gas gangrene

28
Q

What are the 3 virulence factors of clostridium perfringes?

A

alpha toxin
theta toxin
enterotoxin

29
Q

What is the alpha toxin in clostridium perfringes?

A

hemolysin - phospholipas that destroys cell membrane via lysis

30
Q

What is the theta toxin in clostridium perfringes?

A

forms pores, increasing capillary permeability

31
Q

What is the enterotoxin in clostridium perfringes?

A

forms pores in enterocyte membrane which leads to fluid loss (more common in strains that affect GI)

32
Q

Clostridium perfringes leads to gas gangrene. What is thsi?

A

disease that occurs when there is a delay between trauma and intervention (compound fracture, bullet wound, wartime trauma)

begins 1-4 days after tauma, causes pressure and heaviness, the severe pain.

if conditions are anaerobic - ALPHA TOXIN is produced, can lead to increased vascular permeability – DEATH

33
Q

Clostridium perfringes can also lead to food poisoning. Describe this.

A

strains that produce ENTEROTOXINS

incube 8-24 hours, causes nausea, stomach pain, diarrhea and spontaneous recovery in 24 hours.

34
Q

Clostridium botulinum is found in _____

A

environment or in ALKALINE conditions of canned food

35
Q

Clostridium botulinum has sproes that are heat ___

A

resistant

36
Q

Clostridium botulinum produces ___

A

botulinum toxin

37
Q

What is bolutlinum toxin?

A

produced by clostridium botulinum

neurotoxin that blocks Ach in the NMJ leading to FLACCID PARALYSIS

symptoms begin 12-36 hours after ingestion

cause nausea, dry m outh, blurred vision. respiratory paralysis can lead to death.

BOT TOXIN IS HEAT LABILE.

38
Q

Bot toxin is heat ___

A

labile!!

39
Q

Clostridium tetani is strictly anaerobic and associated with ___

A

deep penetrating wounds

40
Q

CLostridium tetani produces ___ which causes __

A

tetanospasmin (causes spastic paralysis)

this prevents release of GABA from presynaptic neurons

41
Q

tetanospasmin is heat ___

A

produced by clostridium tetani

this is heat LABILE

42
Q

How do you destroy tetanospasmin

A

heat labile
antigenic
readily destroyed in the GI

43
Q

Clostridium tetani causes ____ (disease)

A

tetanus

44
Q

What is the pathology of clostridium tetani before getting tetanus disease?

A

clostridium tetanis PORES enter into deep pentrating wound

germinate, multiply locally, produce toxin that travels to CNS via RETROGRADE AXONAL TRANSPORT.

45
Q

What is the first sign of tetanus disease?

A

masseter muscle is the first affected

then respiratory tract, then swallowing, and back

46
Q

How is tetanus disease diagnosed?

A

clinically

47
Q

What is the treatemnt for tetanus disease

A

from clostridium tetani

neutralize the free toxin with HTIG

make patient comfortable - antibiotics can antagonize toxin effects

YES THERE IS A VACCINE (duh)

48
Q

Where can clostridium difficile be found?

A

environmentally or commensal

49
Q

Spore germination of clostridium difficile is triggered by ____

A

bile salts

50
Q

What are the 3 toxins that clostridium difficile produces/

A
  1. toxin a
  2. toxin b
  3. CDT (clostridicum difficle binary toxin)
51
Q

What do toxin a and toxin b do in clostridium difficile?

A

disrupt TIGHT junctions

52
Q

What does CDT (clostridium difficile binary toxin) do in more virulent strains of clostridium difficile?

A

inhibits epithelial actin polymeraization

53
Q

Clostridium difficile is the most common cause of ____

A

antibiotic associated diarrhea and nosocomial infection

54
Q

Clostridium difficule can lead to diarrhea (watery, mild or bloody with some cramping or fever).

This can last for weeks and lead to ____

A

PSUEDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS

55
Q

What is psuedomembranous colitis?

A

enterocytes are damaged by toxins produced from clostridium difficile

enterocytes die, immune cells come in.

psuedomembrane is formed from dead epithelial cells and immune cells prevent the fulid from being absorbed in gI tract.

This can lead to bolus getting STUCK in colon (toxic megacolon)

56
Q

What is toxic megacolon?

What is it a result of?

A

toxic megacolon is when bolus is stuck in colon because immune cells are blocking teh reabsoprtion in GI tract.

This is because clostridium difficile has killed the enterocytes and a psuedomembranous layer is covering the GI tract

toxic megacolon is a possible result of psuedomembraneous colitis

57
Q

What is the treatment for psuedomembraneous colitis and toxic megacolon?

A

diagnose with stoool sample
pulsed-treatment with antibiotics
probiotics
FECAL TRANSPLANT

58
Q

Bacteriodes fragillis is found in the ___

A

intestine

59
Q

Bacteriods fragillis : capsulated or non?

A

capsulated (helps evade phagocytosis)

60
Q

Bacteroids fragillis leads to __ disease?

A

abscess

may cause abdominal pain, tenderness, mild fever, severity depends on integrity, size, where it is of abscess and could possbly spread to blood

61
Q

What is the immune response to bacteroids fragillis abscess?

A

must activ ate classical COMPLEMENT PATHWAY

and TH2 immunity

62
Q

What is the treatment for bacteroids fragillis?

A

drain, debride abscess, antiobiotcs are hard due to resistance

63
Q

Peptostretococcus is gram pos/neg

anaerobic/aerobic

A

gram pos

anaerobic

64
Q

Peptostretpcoccus is an opportunistic pathogen that commonly resides in the ___

A

oral cavity

65
Q

What diseases is peptostreptococcus associated with?

A

gingivitis, periodontitis, abscesses

66
Q

What is the treatment for the diseases caused by peptostretpcoccus?

(gingivitis, periodontitis, abscesses)

A

drain, debride, antibiotics

MicroBiology Exam 2 (8 decks)

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